Behavioural Text Messages to Improve Retention in Care in South Africa

Behavioural Text Messaging to Improve Retention in Care for Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Ekurhuleni District, South Africa

The proportion of South Africans aware of their HIV status and on treatment remains lower than optimal. The goal of this study is to rapidly determine whether text messages framed according to behavioural economics principles increase clinic attendance among recipients of care on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. We hypothesize that messages incorporating behavioural economics principles will increase the likelihood of recipients of care attending clinic appointments and returning within 28 days of a missed appointment.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: HIV/AIDS
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Standard of Care (SOC) text message reminder to attend clinic appointment; Behavioral: Loss aversion framed text message reminder to attend clinic appointment; Behavioral: Social norms framed text message reminder to attend clinic appointment; Behavioral: Altruism framed text message reminder to attend clinic appointment

Detailed Description

The objective of this study is to rapidly determine whether text messages framed according to behavioural economics principles increase the likelihood that recipients of care attend their clinic appointment and return to clinic within 28 days of a missed appointment. The study will be nested in a routine HIV program, in approximately 5 selected Aurum Institute clinics based in Ekurhuleni district, Gauteng province, South Africa.

Intervention arms will include voice call attempts and one-way text messages sent by clinic staff to recipients of care in two scenarios: 1) Approximately 3-7 days in advance of a clinic appointment for collecting antiretroviral medication supplies or collection of a specimen for viral load testing and 2) Approximately 24 hours after a missed clinic appointment.

This individually randomised trial will have four arms. Each time there is an upcoming or missed clinic visit clinic staff will randomly assign recipients of care to one of the following study arms: 1) Standard of Care 2) Loss aversion framed messaging 3) Social norms framed messaging or 4) Altruism framed messaging.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 1541
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• South Africa
  • Gauteng
    • Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, 2194
      • Aurum Institute

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Registered to receive ART (this includes patients receiving ART through multi-month scripting) at selected study sites.
• Aged ≥18 years.
• Have a documented cell phone number in their clinic records
• Are eligible to receive appointment reminders as part of routine care OR eligible to receive follow-up text messages as part of routine care for missed clinic appointments.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Do not have contact details in their clinic records.
• Have contact details on record that are established to belong to someone else upon follow-up (i.e., wrong number).
• Have contact details that are deactivated/non-functional (i.e., voice notification that the number does not exist).
• Are documented to have self-transferred out of the clinic.
• Are known to have been deceased.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Screening
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Standard of Care (SOC) messaging; Participants randomized into this arm will receive standard voice call reminders + the Standard of Care (SOC) text message reminders. The study team will send these one-way text messages to recipients of care as a reminder 1) approximately 3-7 days in advance of a clinic appointment, or 2) to follow-up approximately 24 hours after a missed clinic appointment. These text messages will include the SOC text	Behavioral: Standard of Care (SOC) text message reminder to attend clinic appointment; SOC one-way text message reminding recipient of care to either 1) attend a scheduled clinic appointment or 2) visit the clinic after a missed appointment.
Experimental: Loss aversion messaging; Participants randomized into this arm will receive standard voice call reminders + loss aversion text message reminders. The study team will send these one-way text messages to recipients of care as a reminder 1) approximately 3-7 days in advance of a clinic appointment, or 2) to follow-up approximately 24 hours after a missed clinic appointment. These text messages will include loss aversion framing.	Behavioral: Loss aversion framed text message reminder to attend clinic appointment; Loss aversion framed one-way text message reminding recipient of care to either 1) attend a scheduled clinic appointment or 2) visit the clinic after a missed appointment.
Experimental: Social norms messaging; Participants randomized into this arm will receive standard voice call reminders + social norms text message reminders. The study team will send these one-way text messages to recipients of care as a reminder 1) approximately 3-7 days in advance of a clinic appointment, or 2) to follow-up approximately 24 hours after a missed clinic appointment. These text messages will include social norms framing.	Behavioral: Social norms framed text message reminder to attend clinic appointment; Social norms framed one-way text message reminding recipient of care to either 1) attend a scheduled clinic appointment or 2) visit the clinic after a missed appointment.
Experimental: Altruism messaging; Participants randomized into this arm will receive standard voice call reminders + altruism text message reminders. The study team will send these one-way text messages to recipients of care as a reminder 1) approximately 3-7 days in advance of a clinic appointment, or 2) to follow-up approximately 24 hours after a missed clinic appointment. These text messages will include altruism framing.	Behavioral: Altruism framed text message reminder to attend clinic appointment; Altruism framed one-way text message reminding recipient of care to either 1) attend a scheduled clinic appointment or 2) visit the clinic after a missed appointment.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Appointment reminders	Proportion of clients with schedule clinic visit attendance, defined as the number of patients with a verified clinic on the scheduled appointment day/the total number of clients that were sent appointment reminders (stratified by study arm).	Approximately 3-5 months
Missed clinic appointments	Proportion of patients with a verified clinic visit within 28 days of missing a scheduled clinic appointment defined as the number of patients with a verified clinic within 28 days of missing a scheduled clinic appointment/the total number of clients that Tracers sent text messages following a missed clinic appointment.	Approximately 3-5 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Pennsylvania
• Collaborators: Aurum Institute; University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Tonderai Mabuto, PhD, Aurum Institute

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 5, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 7, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): December 7, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 10, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 10, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): August 18, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 20, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 19, 2022
• Last Verified: July 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Behavioral sciences; Retention in care
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Blood-Borne Infections; Communicable Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Lentivirus Infections; Retroviridae Infections; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Immune System Diseases; Slow Virus Diseases; HIV Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Other Study ID Numbers: 210308

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No