Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders: A. Chohan Continuous Squeezing Suture (ACCSS) (ACCSS)

Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders: A. Chohan Continuous Squeezing Suture (ACCSS) for Controlling Haemorrahge From Lower Uterine Segment at Caesarean Section

Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) disorders are rising in incidence due to increased rate of repeat caesarean sections. Peripartum hysterectomy remains the only definitive treatment of massive postpartum haemorrhage related to this condition. Researchers have described conservative treatments in the form of pelvic devascularization under radiological control, myometrial resection with placenta in situ, and various suturing techniques some involving inversion of cervix. Variable success rates are described, but search continues for a simple, safe and effective treatment. The objective of this study is to assess the simplicity, safety and efficacy of A. Chohan Continuous Squeezing Suture (ACCSS) in the management of PAS.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Placenta Accreta
• Intervention / Treatment: Procedure: ACCSS

Detailed Description

Placenta accreta spectrum has opened up a new era in the history of PPH, as forcible separation of adherent placenta leads to massive bleeding from placental bed . Peripartum hysterectomy has emerged as gold standard treatment for this variety of PPH (3 folds rise over uterine atony) with its overall morbidity of 40-50%, and mortality of 7-10% in case of placenta percreta . The fear of placental bed bleeding has led to the development of conservative management like "leaving the placenta in situ approach" with its wide range of mild to severe, and serious morbidities . The conservative surgical techniques (The triple P procedure, one step conservative surgery approach) have also used the concept of non-separation of placenta and have instead adopted resection of myometrium with placenta in situ . These surgeries involve devascularisation of deep pelvic / major abdominal vessels and ligation of complex arterial anastomosis making the procedure technically difficult. Moreover, the devascularisation is done under extensive and expensive interventional radiological equipment which places the procedures out of reach for the routine setups particularly in the under developed countries. Another conservative surgical technique (stepwise surgical approach) , which described separation of placenta also mainly relied upon devascularisation of pelvic organs by bilateral ligation of anterior branch of internal iliac artery rather than elaborating the details of technique of controlling haemorrhage at the actual bleeding site.

Rationale of ACCSS ACCSS is a novel suturing technique addresses the management of placenta praevia and PAS following the orthodox approach of separation of placenta, taking the challenge of controlling massive haemorrhage. The rational of ACCSS is; i. Placental bed is the ultimate area of concern in women with placenta praevia and PAS, and it generally spreads over the whole inner surface of lower uterine segment, but the placental attachment and bleeding area upon its separation does not extend onto the internal os and into the vagina.

ii. Lower uterine segment is thin, flexible, squeezable and holds the suture well.

iii. Internal cervical os is a fixed structure, and has a ring with sufficient strength to function as anchor to the suture.

iv. Taking half thickness of internal cervical os into suture does not alter the anatomy and uterine drainage remains unaffected.

v. Deep pelvic devascularization by ligation or balloon tamponade occlusion (under radiological control) of deep pelvic vessels was not the part of ACCSS procedure. Bilateral uterine artery ligation was added to it because occlusion of the uterine artery or its branches is useful procedure to stop upper uterine bleeding , it does not appear to affect fertility or obstetric outcome and vascular occlusion is only temporary, as recanalization soon ensures normal uterine circulation . The haemostatic effect of ACCSS is therefore independent and does not rely upon supportive measures.

SURGICAL PROCEDURE The caesarean sections in this study will be performed between 37 and 38 weeks of gestation on all patients. Haematology department will be placed on alert with availability of 4 units of cross matched fresh blood and fresh frozen plasma. All surgeries will be performed by principal investigators (Prof Dr. Arshad Chohan & Prof. Dr. Fauzia). A multidisciplinary team comprising of experienced obstetricians, anaesthetist, and paediatrician will be involved during the procedure. Prophylactic antibiotic (ceftriaxone 1gm intravenously) will be administered to all patients before surgery.

At caesarean section Pfannenstiel incision will be used for all patients. After opening the abdomen, a clinical assessment about the depth of invasion of the placenta will be made to exclude the involvement of bladder and other pelvic organs. The features noted at this assessment will be abnormal placental bulge and hypervascularity on uterine serosal surface, and placental invasion into the urinary bladder and/or other pelvic organs. Prior to uterine incision placental site will be gently reconfirmed with the examining hand to ascertain an easy fetal access and to avoid cutting of placenta particularly in case of anterior dominant placenta. A transverse incision will be given in the lower uterine segment (LUS) above the insertion of placenta and the baby will be delivered. At delivery of baby10 iu of oxytocin will be given intravenously, followed by 40 iu in 500 ml of normal saline at the rate of 125ml/hour for first 24 hours as per hospital policy for caesarean section for PAS. The uterus will be exteriorized without making any efforts to remove the placenta. The bleeding edges of the uterine incision will be held with Green-Armitage forceps to minimize bleeding. The visceral peritoneum will be displaced downwards with sharp and blunt dissection to allow suturing on the inner side of the LUS. Bladder will be dissected away only if found adherent with the lower uterine segment from previous caesarean sections. Uterine arteries will be ligated on both sides and any blood vessels on the way will be secured. The placenta will then be removed to as close to complete as possible. The lower uterine segment will be packed with sponge to arrest haemorrhage temporarily while preparing for the suture.

ACCSS Application The packing will be removed and the ring of internal os will be identified with the index and middle finger of one hand and held with Babcock forceps with the other hand. On the exposed inner surface of the LUS, suturing will be started from the left corner of uterine incision, using half circle 40mm round body polyglactin 910 suture # 1 (vicryl plus by Ethicon ®) taking multiple half cm bites through half-thickness of the tissue at half cm intervals to reach the outer half of ring of internal os. The suture will then tied and first knot secured causing squeezing of uterine tissue. From here onwards similar sutures will be placed continuously at 1 cm distance till the right corner will be reached, where the second knot will be secured. During suturing the patency of the internal os will be ensured. The continued pull on the suture is expected to cause squeezing of the LUS and arrest bleeding from all sinuses present at the placental site . A similar suture will be applied on the posterior uterine wall in case of bleeding from posterior uterine wall. The suture will be started from the outer half of the posterior lip of the ring of the internal os and going up to the highest bleeding point on the posterior wall of the uterus, continuing from the left to right end of the uterine incision . Any leftover bleeding points will be secured with separate sutures to ensure complete haemostasis. The uterine incision will be closed in two layers as done in a routine lower segment caesarean section. Any additional medical or surgical therapy instituted will be recorded.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 20
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Muhammad Arshad Chohan, FRCOG; Phone Number: +923004027250; Email: marshadchohan@hotmail.com
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Fauzia Butt; Phone Number: +923009427094; Email: drfauziabutt@hotmail.com

Study Locations

• Pakistan
  • Pakistan/Punjab
    • Lahore, Pakistan/Punjab, Pakistan, 54000
      • Recruiting
      • Sharif Medical and Dental college
      • Contact: Muhammad Arshad Chohan, FCPS, FRCOG; Phone Number: +923004027250; Email: marshadchohan@hotmail.com
      • Contact: Fauzia Butt, FCPS; Phone Number: +923009427094; Email: drfauziabutt@hotmail.com

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 33 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. The women at 32 weeks' gestation with central (anterior dominant, posterior) placenta praevia.
2. The women with Placenta Accreta Spectrum disorders having myometrial invasion limited to the uterine serosa (Grade 1, 2, and 3a) without involvement of urinary bladder and other pelvic organs.
3. The women wishing to conserve the uterus at the time of caesarean section.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. The patients with placenta accreta spectrum disorder with bladder and other organs involvement (Grade 3b, 3c) diagnosed prenatally and during caesarean section.
2. The patients with laterally situated right and left placentae.
3. The recruited patients who required emergency caesarean section.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Single Group; A. Chohan Continuous squeezing Suture (ACCSS): An obstetrical procedure using half circle 40mm round body polyglactin 910 suture # 1 (Vicryl plus by Ethicon ®) for control of haemorrhage from the lower segment, in patients with Placenta Accreta for the prevention of hysterectomy at caesarean section	Procedure: ACCSS; A. Chohan Continuous Squeezing Suture (ACCSS)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Peripartum Hysterectomy	Absolute number of peripartum hysterectomies within the study group	24 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Application time of suture in minutes	Application time of suture plus time to complete haemostasis in minutes	within 20 minutes
Estimated blood loss	Estimate of blood loss in milliliters (ml) intraoperatively and within first 24 hours	First 24 hours
Number of units of blood transfusions	Number of blood transfusions intraoperatively and within first 24 hours	First 24 hours
Intensive care unit admissions	Number of days of admission in Intensive care unit	7 days
Duration of stay in hospital	Duration of stay in hospital in days	7 days
Urinary tract trauma and its complication	Bladder trauma/ vesicovaginal fistula	6 weeks
Uterine complications	Uterine necrosis/abscess formation	6 weeks
Secondary postpartum hemorrhage	Abnormal uterine bleeding within 6 weeks	6 weeks
Maternal mortality	Number of mothers dying in relation to cesarean section within 6 completed weeks	6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Sharif Medical Research Center
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Muhammad Arshad Chohan, FRCOG, Sharif Medical and Dental college

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Ngwenya S. Postpartum hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in a low-resource setting. Int J Womens Health. 2016 Nov 2;8:647-650. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S119232. eCollection 2016.
• Jauniaux E, Gronbeck L, Bunce C, Langhoff-Roos J, Collins SL. Epidemiology of placenta previa accreta: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019 Nov 12;9(11):e031193. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031193.
• Jauniaux E, Ayres-de-Campos D, Langhoff-Roos J, Fox KA, Collins S; FIGO Placenta Accreta Diagnosis and Management Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO classification for the clinical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Jul;146(1):20-24. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12761.
• Huque S, Roberts I, Fawole B, Chaudhri R, Arulkumaran S, Shakur-Still H. Risk factors for peripartum hysterectomy among women with postpartum haemorrhage: analysis of data from the WOMAN trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018 May 29;18(1):186. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1829-7.
• Palacios-Jaraquemada JM, Fiorillo A, Hamer J, Martinez M, Bruno C. Placenta accreta spectrum: a hysterectomy can be prevented in almost 80% of cases using a resective-reconstructive technique. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Jan;35(2):275-282. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1716715. Epub 2020 Jan 26.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 15, 2021
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): April 14, 2022
• Study Completion (Anticipated): May 31, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 27, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 27, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): October 7, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 19, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 16, 2022
• Last Verified: August 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Peripartum Hystrectomy; Postpartum Haemorrhage
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pregnancy Complications; Obstetric Labor Complications; Placenta Diseases; Placenta Accreta
• Other Study ID Numbers: SMDC/SMRC/209-21

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No