A-eyedrops on Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision

The Effects of Atropine Eyedrops on Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision

Atropine is a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine (M) receptor antagonist that paralyzes the ciliary muscle, dilates the pupil, and reduces the power of accommodation. Current studies have confirmed the effect of low concentrations of atropine drops in slowing the progression of myopia. In the atropine treatment for myopia (ATOM2) study, there was a rapid and dose-dependent decrease in accommodation after atropine drops: after 2 weeks of use, accommodation decreased from baseline 16.2D to 11.3D (4.9D) in the 0.01% atropine drops group, from baseline 16.7D to 3.8D (12.9D) in the 0.1% atropine group, and from baseline 15.8 D to 2.2 D (13.6 D) in the 0.5% atropine group; one year after withdrawal, there was some recovery of the accommodation in all the three groups, but it was still lower than the baseline values for each group, with a mean decrease of 2.56 D.Similar results were found in the Low-concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study by Janson C. Yam, 0.05% atropine drops reduced the accommodation by approximately 2D on average after 1 year of treatment.

In general, if accommodation decreases by 2D or more compared to normal values, accommodation insufficiency is considered. There is a linkage between accommodation and convergence called accommodative convergence-to-accommodation (AC/A) which is closely related to exotropia. It was reported that the amount of accommodation required to maintain binocular fusion in patients with intermittent exotropia was greater than that of normal controls. In addition, pupil size and visual acuity are also factors that affect accommodation. In summary, the reduced accommodation amplitude, pupil dilation, and blurred near vision caused by atropine drops would affect the progression of intermittent exotropia and the ocular alignment after the surgery. In most cases, the reduced accommodation and convergence might induce exotropia, but in some patients, they may use more accommodative stimuli to compensate the insufficiency of accommodation, and there may be an increase in convergence or even esotropia.

Taken together, due to the effect of atropine drops on pupil size, near visual acuity, and accommodation amplitude, the investigators hypothesize that atropine drops are likely to affect binocular vision and ocular alignment in patients with exotropia and exophoria.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Myopia; Exotropia; Exophoria
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: 0.01% atropine eye drops; Drug: 0.05% atropine eye drops; Drug: placebo eye drops (0.1% sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution)

Detailed Description

The prevalence of myopia in the world has exceeded 25% and is increasing year by year. Asia, especially China, is an area with high incidence of myopia. It is reported that the prevalence of myopia in children and adolescents in China was 53.6% in 2018. Low concentration atropine eye drops is one of the effective means to slow the progression of myopia. At present, low concentration atropine eye drops have been widely used in China, but its long-term efficacy and possible side effects still need to be studied.

Atropine is a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine (M) receptor antagonist that paralyzes the ciliary muscle, dilates the pupil, and reduces the power of accommodation. Current studies have confirmed the effect of low concentrations of atropine drops in slowing the progression of myopia. In the ATOM2 study, there was a rapid and dose-dependent decrease in accommodation after atropine drops: after 2 weeks of use, accommodation decreased from baseline 16.2D to 11.3D (4.9D) in the 0.01% atropine drops group, from baseline 16.7D to 3.8D (12.9D) in the 0.1% atropine group, and from baseline 15.8 D to 2.2 D (13.6 D) in the 0.5% atropine group; after 1 year of discontinuation, there was some recovery of the accommodation in all the three groups, but it was still lower than the baseline values for each group, with a mean decrease of 2.56 D. Similar results were found in the LAMP study by Janson C. Yam, 0.05% atropine drops reduced the accommodation by approximately 2D on average after 1 year of treatment. In general, if accommodation decreases by 2D or more compared to normal values, accommodation insufficiency is considered. There is a linkage between accommodation and convergence, therefore the decrease of accommodation will also affect the binocular vision. Above all, the effect of atropine eye drops on pupil size, near visual acuity, amplitude of accommodation which is still impaired after 1 years' withdrawal, make us have many concerns and doubts about indications of atropine eye drops in children with strabismus or after the strabismus surgery.

Strabismus is a common eye disease in children, with an incidence rate of about 3%. It is reported that about 72% of strabismus cases in Asia are exotropia, of which intermittent exotropia is the most common type, and most cases are accompanied with myopia. It is found that patients with intermittent exotropia are often associated with abnormal accommodation. Ha SG reported that the amount of accommodation required to maintain binocular fusion in patients with intermittent exotropia was greater than that of normal controls. In addition, pupil size and visual clarity are also factors affecting accommodation. In conclusion, atropine eye drops may affect the occurrence and development of intermittent exotropia by reducing the amplitude of accommodation, dilating pupils and blurred near vision. At the same time, the reduction of accommodation causes poor focusing and inappropriate afferent signals of the convergence system, which will lead to the fatigue of the convergence and divergence system, which may affect the ocular alignment of exotropia after surgery. In most cases, the reduced accommodation and convergence might induce exotropia, but in some patients, they may use more accommodative stimuli to compensate the insufficiency of accommodation, and there may be an increase in convergence or even esotropia.

In general, in China, myopia with exotropia or exophoria is a high incidence of eye disease in children, and low concentration atropine eye drops have been widely used to control the progression of myopia. It is urgent to carry out a large sample randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the impact of low concentration atropine on the ocular alignment and binocular vision of patients with exotropia and exophoria, and guide much safer application of the low concentration atropine eye drops.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 339
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Lianqun Wu, Doctor; Phone Number: +8613022110637; Email: wulianqun19@aliyun.com

Study Locations

• China
  • Shanghai, China
    • Recruiting
    • Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University
    • Contact: Lianqun Wu, MD

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 5 years to 14 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• The age ranged from 5 to 14 years;
• Astigmatism < 2.5D, spherical power: - 1.00D ~ -6.00D; difference between eyes in spherical power < 1.5D, difference between eyes in astigmatism < 1.00D;
• Intraocular pressure < 21mmHg;
• Ocular alignment fulfilling the following criteria：Exophoria with an exodeviation at near > 6PD12; Intermittent exotropia with an exodeviation ≤25 PD both at distance and at near, Titmus <=400 arc seconds; Intermittent exotropia patients underwent strabismus surgery, 6 months after operation, fulling the criteria of exophoria and intermittent exotropia mentioned before.
• Subjects and their parents or legal guardians have signed informed consent and are willing to accept randomized grouping and regular follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Amblyopia
• Have heart disease or serious respiratory disease
• Allergic to atropine, cyclopentantone, propoxybenzocaine and benzalkonium chloride;
• Those who have used contact lenses, bifocal lenses, or other measures to control myopia (including atropine);
• No binocular vision;
• Combined with vertical strabismus≥5PD, abnormal oblique muscle function≥ 2+, cyclodeviation, DVD or A-V pattern, paralytic and restrictive strabismus, comitant esotropia；
• Previous history of other ocular surgery;
• Severe complications during or after strabismus surgery, such as perforation of the sclera, tear and detachment of extraocular muscle; postoperative eye movement limitation; visual acuity decreased after operation;
• Combined with other ocular diseases;
• Craniofacial malformations affecting the orbits;
• significant neurological disorders;
• Birth less than 34 weeks or birth weight less than 1500 g;
• Intraocular pressure > 21mmhg;
• Unable to cooperate with the examination.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: 0.05% atropine group; Subjects received 0.05% atropine eye drops (0.1% sodium hyaluronate as a solution) both eyes once every night. Eye drops are prepackaged with identical eye drops bottle, pasted with number and shelf life, and stored in 4℃.	Drug: 0.05% atropine eye drops; using 0.05% atropine eye drops for both eyes every night
Placebo Comparator: placebo group; Subjects of the control group received placebo eye drops (0.1% sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution) both eyes once every night. Eye drops are prepackaged with identical eye drops bottle, pasted with number and shelf life, and stored in 4℃.	Drug: placebo eye drops (0.1% sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution); using placebo eye drops (0.1% sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution) for both eyes every night
Experimental: 0.01% atropine group; Subjects received 0.01% atropine eye drops (0.1% sodium hyaluronate as a solution) both eyes once every night. Eye drops are prepackaged with identical eye drops bottle, pasted with number and shelf life, and stored in 4℃.	Drug: 0.01% atropine eye drops; using 0.01% atropine eye drops for both eyes every night; Other Names: placebo eye drops (0.9% preservative free sodium chloride)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Refraction	Change from baseline in spherical equivalent measured using cycloplegic autorefraction	1 year and 2 years
Axial length	Change from baseline in Axial length measured using Optical Biometer	1 year and 2 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Stereopsis	Change from baseline in stereopsis measured with the Random dot stereogram.	1 year and 2 years
Fusion	Change from baseline in fusion measured with the Worth Four-Dots.	1 year and 2 years
AC/A ratio	Change from baseline in AC/A ratio measured using the Von Graefe method	1 year and 2 years
Negative and positive relative accommodation	Change from baseline in negative and positive relative accommodation measured using a phoropter.	1 year and 2 years
Fusional convergence and divergence amplitudes	Change from baseline in fusional convergence and divergence amplitudes measured using a phoropter.	1 year and 2 years
Accommodative facility	Change from baseline in accommodative facility measured using flip lens technique.	1 year and 2 years
Accommodative amplitude	Change from baseline in accommodative amplitude measured using the minus lens techniques.	1 year and 2 years
Near point of convergence	Change from baseline in near point of convergence measured using standard push-up technique.	1 year and 2 years
Ocular alignment	Change from baseline in ocular alignment measured by a prism alternating cover test using an accommodative target at 6 m and 1/3 m.	1 year and 2 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University
• Collaborators: Shandong Provincial Hospital; Children's Hospital of Fudan University; Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Tianjin Eye Hospital; Shanxi Eye Hospital; Aier Eye Affiliated Hospital of Wuhan University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Chia A, Chua WH, Cheung YB, Wong WL, Lingham A, Fong A, Tan D. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2). Ophthalmology. 2012 Feb;119(2):347-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.031. Epub 2011 Oct 2.
• Chia A, Lu QS, Tan D. Five-Year Clinical Trial on Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2: Myopia Control with Atropine 0.01% Eyedrops. Ophthalmology. 2016 Feb;123(2):391-399. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.07.004. Epub 2015 Aug 11.
• Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, Naduvilath TJ, Resnikoff S. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016 May;123(5):1036-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
• Mohney BG, Holmes JM. An office-based scale for assessing control in intermittent exotropia. Strabismus. 2006 Sep;14(3):147-50. doi: 10.1080/09273970600894716.
• Chia A, Chua WH, Wen L, Fong A, Goon YY, Tan D. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: changes after stopping atropine 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5%. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014 Feb;157(2):451-457.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.020. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
• Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, Law AKP, Chan JJ, Wong E, Ko ST, Young AL, Tham CC, Chen LJ, Pang CP. Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops in Myopia Control. Ophthalmology. 2019 Jan;126(1):113-124. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.05.029. Epub 2018 Jul 6.
• Ha SG, Jang SM, Cho YA, Kim SH, Song JS, Suh YW. Clinical exhibition of increased accommodative loads for binocular fusion in patients with basic intermittent exotropia. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016 Jun 7;16:77. doi: 10.1186/s12886-016-0260-y.
• Jampolsky A. Ocular divergence mechanisms. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1970;68:730-822. No abstract available.
• Rutstein RP, Daum KM. Exotropia associated with defective accommodation. J Am Optom Assoc. 1987 Jul;58(7):548-54.
• Schor C, Horner D. Adaptive disorders of accommodation and vergence in binocular dysfunction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1989 Jul;9(3):264-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00904.x.
• Chia A, Roy L, Seenyen L. Comitant horizontal strabismus: an Asian perspective. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007 Oct;91(10):1337-40. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2007.116905. Epub 2007 May 2.
• Chen X, Fu Z, Yu J, Ding H, Bai J, Chen J, Gong Y, Zhu H, Yu R, Liu H. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in Eastern China: results from screening of preschool children aged 36-72 months. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016 Apr;100(4):515-9. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306999. Epub 2015 Aug 10.
• Chen AH, O'Leary DJ, Howell ER. Near visual function in young children. Part I: Near point of convergence. Part II: Amplitude of accommodation. Part III: Near heterophoria. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2000 May;20(3):185-98. No abstract available.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 2, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): February 1, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): February 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 24, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 13, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): May 18, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 17, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 13, 2024
• Last Verified: April 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: atropine; myopia; ocular alignment; binocular vision; exotropia; exophoria
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Eye Diseases; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Refractive Errors; Ocular Motility Disorders; Strabismus; Myopia; Exotropia; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Parasympatholytics; Autonomic Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Muscarinic Antagonists; Cholinergic Antagonists; Cholinergic Agents; Immunologic Factors; Protective Agents; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Bronchodilator Agents; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Respiratory System Agents; Pharmaceutical Solutions; Viscosupplements; Mydriatics; Ophthalmic Solutions; Hyaluronic Acid; Atropine
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2022C-PEDIG-Atropine

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: The investigators concerns about patient privacy issues and it's better to protect the publication potential.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No