The Effect of Pilates on Muscle Strength, Balance Performance, Gross Motor Skills, Social Skills in Children With ASD

The Effect of Pilates Training on Muscle Strength, Balance Performance, Gross Motor Skills and Social Skills in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to determine the effects of Pilates Training by comparing the effects of Aerobic Training on muscle strength, balance performance, gross motor skills and social skills in children with autism.

As a result of this study Aerobic Training and Pilates Training are both effective in the improvement of balance performance and gross motor skills in children with autism, with more improvement in muscle strength in Aerobic Training. Pilates Training could be considered as an alternative training to increase physical activity in children with autism.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Autism
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Pilates training

Detailed Description

The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to determine the effects of Pilates Training by comparing the effects of Aerobic Training on muscle strength, balance performance, gross motor skills and social skills in children with autism.

As a result of this study Aerobic Training and Pilates Training are both effective in the improvement of balance performance and gross motor skills in children with autism, with more improvement in muscle strength in Aerobic Training. Pilates Training could be considered as an alternative training to increase physical activity in children with autism.

This study will answer whether pilates practice has an effect on Muscle Strength, Balance Performance, Gross Motor Skills and Social Skills in Children With Autism.

Demographic information of the participants was recorded.Muscle strength for shoulder flexors, hip flexors and knee extensors were performed with Hand-held dynamometry.The one-legged standing test was used to evaluate static balance performance.Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMT-2) was used to evaluate gross motor skills of participants. The Autism Social Skills Profile Turkish Form (ASSP- T) was used to evaluate social skills of participants.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 21
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Aydin, Turkey
    • Aydin Efeler Autism Sports Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 7 years to 12 years (CHILD)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Being diagnosed with autism,
• Not having physical disabilities or neurological disorders,
• Having the ability to follow the instructions given during evaluations and training,
• Having the ability to perform the requested training

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not being a volunteer,
• Having a health problem that prevents exercise.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: SINGLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Pilates training Group; The Pilates Training program consisted of warm-up, work-out and cool-down sections. For the warm-up section, breathing, standing roll down, and spine twist exercises were selected; for the work-out section, the hundred, shoulder bridge, scissors, swimming, and quadruped exercises, and for cool-down section, torso twist, cat-camel, and standing stretches. The Pilates Training progression was achieved by increasing the number of repetitions of the selected exercises and adding some equipment (balls, foam rollers) to challenge postural stability. In the first five sessions, after each exercise was performed for six to eight repetitions, the number of repetitions was increased to 10-12. Moreover, the environment where the training took place was carefully arranged according to the needs of children with autism.	Other: Pilates training; Eighteen children with autism did not meet the inclusion criteria, ten children did not want to participate in the study, and five children were not included in the study due to different reasons. A total of 22 children between the age of 7 and 12 years were participated in this study. The inclusion criteria were (i) being diagnosed with autism, (ii) not having physical disabilities or neurological disorders, (iii) having the ability to follow the instructions given during evaluations and training, and (iv) having the ability to perform the requested training. All parents of participants signed an informed consent form for participation. were divided into two groups including Aerobic Training (n=11) and Pilates Training (n=11) groups by simple randomization method (internet-based). Since one child in the experimental group did not continue Pilates Training, the study was completed with the participation of 21 children with autism.; Other Names: Aerobic Training
EXPERIMENTAL: Aerobic Training Group; Each training session consisted of a 20-minutes treadmill workout (using the motorized Ultıma Ac 3500 treadmill) followed by 20-minutes bicycle workout (Voit Yellow Collection 112u exercie bike). The intensity of training, which began at 50% to 60% of maximum heart rate (HR), was increased each week so that by week five, the children were at 75% to 80% maximum HR. The maximum HR, as recommended for children, was calculated using the formula 208 - 0.7 x (age) (Mahon et al., 2010). To ensure that the exercise intensity remained in the target HR zone during training, the child's HR was continuously monitored from the used treadmill and exercise bike monitors.	Other: Pilates training; Eighteen children with autism did not meet the inclusion criteria, ten children did not want to participate in the study, and five children were not included in the study due to different reasons. A total of 22 children between the age of 7 and 12 years were participated in this study. The inclusion criteria were (i) being diagnosed with autism, (ii) not having physical disabilities or neurological disorders, (iii) having the ability to follow the instructions given during evaluations and training, and (iv) having the ability to perform the requested training. All parents of participants signed an informed consent form for participation. were divided into two groups including Aerobic Training (n=11) and Pilates Training (n=11) groups by simple randomization method (internet-based). Since one child in the experimental group did not continue Pilates Training, the study was completed with the participation of 21 children with autism.; Other Names: Aerobic Training

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Muscle Strength	Evaluations of maximal isometric muscle strength for shoulder flexors, hip flexors and knee extensors were performed with Hand-held dynamometry (Jtech Commander PowerTrack II Muscle Tester). Participants were asked to apply the maximum voluntary force they could exert under certain test conditions. Each test procedure for each muscle groups was repeated 3 times, and the best score was used for analysis. The results were recorded for both the right and left side.	immediately after application
Balance	The one-legged standing test was used to evaluate static balance performance. The participants were asked to maintain a one-legged stance for as long as they can with their eyes open and arms at the side of the trunk. The time recorded in seconds from the moment a foot is lifted off the ground to the moment it touches the ground. The test was performed for right and left side. The participants performed 3 trials, and the longest time was used for analysis	immediately after application
Gross Motor Skills	The test has two sub-test including locomotor skills tasks such as hopping, sliding, galloping, jumping, running, and the object control skills consists of striking and kicking a stationary ball, dribbling, catching, overhand throwing and underhand rolling. The locomotor skills focus on coordinated movements, while object control skills focus on the child's ability to play with or manipulate balls	immediately after application
Social Skills	The Autism Social Skills Profile Turkish Form (ASSP- T) was used to evaluate social skills of participants. The test consists of items related to social participation and socially inappropriate behaviors that lead to negative peer relationships. Higher score indicates proficiency in social functions, and lower score indicates inadequacy in social functions	immediately after application

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Aydin Adnan Menderes University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): March 11, 2021
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): September 13, 2021
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): September 13, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 19, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 12, 2022
• First Posted (ACTUAL): July 14, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): July 14, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 12, 2022
• Last Verified: July 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Autism; Aerobic training; Muscle strength; Social skills; Pilates training; Gross motor skills
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Autistic Disorder
• Other Study ID Numbers: Alinazan

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No