Impacts of Oral Irrigation in Orthodontic Patients

Clinical and Biochemical Evaluation Oral Irrigator Effectiveness in Patients Under Orthodontic Treatment

The present study aimed to investigate clinically the cleaning effectiveness of different treatment modalities, that is, oral irrigator or interdental brush usage addition to routine brushing and examine interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid of orthodontic patients. The null hypothesis was that oral irrigators would be effective compared to interdental brush in the oral care of individuals who are orthodontic patients.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Periodontal Diseases; Oral Hygiene; Orthodontics
• Intervention / Treatment: Diagnostic test: GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) collection

Detailed Description

The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of oral irrigator (OI) with interdental brush (IB) clinically and biochemically in orthodontic patients.

Thirty patients were randomly divided into two equal groups; patients using OI in addition to manuel brushing (OI-group), patients using IB in addition to manual brushing (IB-group). Study was planned as randomized, single-blind, parallel-design. Periodontal indexes were recorded clinically and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid were evaluated biochemically. After baseline examinations [Silness-Löe plaque index(PI), Löe-Silness gingival index(GI), probing pocket depth(PPD), clinical attachment level(CAL), bleeding on probing(BOP)], initial periodontal therapy was completed using full-mouth disinfection method. The data was collected in the baseline, 2nd, 4th and 8th weeks.

The hypothesis of our study is that oral irrigators may be effective in oral care of orthodontic patients because of the ease of use.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 30
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Samsun, Turkey, 55270
    • Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 10 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Being over 12 years old.
• Having at least 20 permanent teeth with bands or brackets.
• Finished phase I periodontal treatment.
• Bleeding below 10% during probing.
• No pocket depth of more than 5 mm.
• Not receiving any treatment other than orthodontic treatment during the study.
• Absence of removable or fixed prosthetic restorations.
• Absence of any systemic disease (hepatic, renal, hematologic, cardiovascular).
• Agreeing not to use any non-study mouthwash throughout the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Performing poor cooperation.
• Having diseases associated with bacteriemia.
• Used antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs for any purpose for a long time.
• Having diabetes.
• Smoking habits.
• Having a physical or mental problem that affects manual dexterity.
• Using medication that could affect gingival health (such as dilantin, calcium channel blocker, cyclosporine, and anticoagulant).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Oral irrigator group; Fifteen patients using toothbrush and oral irrigator (Aquapick, AQ-300, Aquapick Co, Ltd, Korea). All patients were told to use Modified Bass method of tooth brushing technique. PI, GI, PPD and CAL values were measured with William's probe (Hu-Fried, Chicago, IL, A.B.D) around the teeth. All clinical parameters were evaluated on each of the six regions of the teeth (mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, mesio-lingual, mid-lingual, disto-lingual). GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) samples was collected one day after the clinical examination from buccal aspects of the mesial and distal surfaces at the interproximal sites for the evaluation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-8 mediators. Following the initial clinical records, all patients were performed full mouth instrumentation and described oral hygiene procedure according to their groups.	Diagnostic test: GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) collection; Prior to GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) sampling, supragingival plaque was removed by sterile curets and, after air drying, the surfaces were isolated by cotton rolls. Filter paper strips (periopaper, proflow Inc., Amityville, NewYork, USA) were placed in sulcus for 30s. Care was taken not to avoid mechanical trauma and strips contaminated with blood or saliva were discarded. The absorbed GCF volume was estimated by a calibrated instrument (periotron 8000, proflow Inc., Amityville, NY, USA). Then, the strips were sealed into sterile tubes before freezing at -80 0C. The readings were converted to an actual volume (μl) by reference to the standard curve.
Experimental: Interdental brush group; Fifteen patients using toothbrush and interdental brush. All patients were told to use Modified Bass method of tooth brushing technique. PI, GI, PPD and CAL values were measured with William's probe (Hu-Fried, Chicago, IL, A.B.D) around the teeth. All clinical parameters were evaluated on each of the six regions of the teeth (mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, mesio-lingual, mid-lingual, disto-lingual). GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) samples was collected one day after the clinical examination from buccal aspects of the mesial and distal surfaces at the interproximal sites for the evaluation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-8 mediators. Following the initial clinical records, all patients were performed full mouth instrumentation and described oral hygiene procedure according to their groups.	Diagnostic test: GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) collection; Prior to GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) sampling, supragingival plaque was removed by sterile curets and, after air drying, the surfaces were isolated by cotton rolls. Filter paper strips (periopaper, proflow Inc., Amityville, NewYork, USA) were placed in sulcus for 30s. Care was taken not to avoid mechanical trauma and strips contaminated with blood or saliva were discarded. The absorbed GCF volume was estimated by a calibrated instrument (periotron 8000, proflow Inc., Amityville, NY, USA). Then, the strips were sealed into sterile tubes before freezing at -80 0C. The readings were converted to an actual volume (μl) by reference to the standard curve.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) level of IL-1β as a marker of gingival inflammation	Elevated levels of IL-1β in GCF have been associated with the destructive changes that occur in the inflamed human gingiva, is a proinflammatory cytokine.	through study completion, an average of 1 year
GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) level of IL-10 as a marker of gingival inflammation	IL-10 plays an important role as a stop signal in suppressing the immune and inflammatory response by being released from periodontal tissues, thus trying to limit the spread and severity of the disease. It is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is reported that the level of GCF IL-10 is increased in inflamed areas.	through study completion, an average of 1 year
GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) level of MMP-1 as a marker of gingival inflammation	One of the MMPs, MMP-1, is generally expressed by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, monocytes/macrophages, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, and is a key regulator in connective tissue remodeling. In addition to gingivitis, there is a significant increase in MMP-1 levels in the GCF during the active periods of periodontitis.	through study completion, an average of 1 year
GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) level of MMP-8 as a marker of gingival inflammation	High concentration of MMP-8 is associated with tissue destruction and severity of periodontal disease. It is known to be secreted from inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.	through study completion, an average of 1 year

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ondokuz Mayıs University
• Investigators: Study Director: Burcu OZKAN CETINKAYA, Prof, Ondokuzmayis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Samsun, Turkey.; Principal Investigator: Esma SAHIN, Dr, Erzurum Public Oral Health Center, Erzurum, Turkey.; Study Chair: Bahattin AVCI, Prof, Ondokuzmayis University, Faculty of Medicine Department of Biochemistry, Samsun, Turkey.; Study Chair: Selma ELEKDAG TURK, Prof, Ondokuzmayis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Samsun, Turkey.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 1, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): December 27, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 28, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 28, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): October 3, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 3, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 28, 2022
• Last Verified: September 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Oral hygiene; Orthodontics; Cytokine(s); Matrix metalloproteinase(s)
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Stomatognathic Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Periodontal Diseases
• Other Study ID Numbers: B.30.2.ODM.0.20.08/1352-1377

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No