간식, 미소 및 취향 선호도

실험적: 로우 스윗

개입 그룹의 어린이에게는 첨가당과 단맛이 적은 간식이 매일 제공되며, 어머니에게는 "달콤한" 노출과 첨가당 섭취를 줄이는 목표를 지원하는 치아 관리, 식품 라벨 읽기 및 영양에 대한 교육 수업이 제공됩니다.

행동: 로우 스윗

실험 그룹의 아이들은 덜 달콤한 간식에 반복적으로 노출되고 어머니들은 치과 치료, 식품 라벨 읽기, 1인분 크기 및 영양에 대한 교육 수업을 받습니다.

가짜 비교기: 레귤러 스위트

일반 스위트 컨트롤 그룹의 어린이에게는 이 연령대의 어린이에게 일반적으로 제공되는 간식이 제공되고 어머니에게는 1인분 크기, 신체 활동, 수면, 화면 시간에 대한 교육 수업이 제공되며 시험 종료 시 치과 치료가 제공됩니다.

행동: 레귤러 스위트

가짜 비교기의 어린이는 일반적인 간식을 받고 어머니는 1인분 크기, 신체 활동, 수면 및 화면 시간에 대한 교육 수업을 받습니다.

Children's Dietary Intake of Energy From Added Sugar (Tsp/d)

Children's dietary intake of added sugar (tsp/d) was determined from Automated Self-Administered Recall System (ASA24) at baseline, mid-trial, and end of trial.

Caregiver's Dietary Intake of Energy From Added Sugar (Tsp/d)

Caregivers' dietary intake of added sugar (tsp/d) was determined from Automated Self-Administered Recall System (ASA24) at baseline, mid-trial, and end of trial.

Children's Liking of Snacks Low in Sweetness (SET 1 FOODS)

Children's indicated liking of two sets of lower sweetness intervention snack foods (Set 1: Strawberry-banana yogurt, apple slices; Set 2: hummus and baby carrots), assessed on separate occasions. Using hedonic face scales, children indicated their like or dislike for each food. Liking data were not obtained during the COVID-19 lockdown. Set 1 foods were discontinued following the lockdown in a modified version of the protocol moved from in person visits to remote assessments. As such, outcome analyses of children's liking of snacks low in sweetness are reported on complete cases (Set 1 foods: n=40 children; Set 2 foods: n=54 children). This analysis shows the count of and percentage of children who liked SET 1 STRAWBERRY-BANANA YOGURT AND APPLE SLICES at the end of the intervention.

Children's Liking of Snacks Low in Sweetness (SET 2 FOODS)

Children's indicated liking of two sets of lower sweetness intervention snack foods (Set 1: Strawberry-banana yogurt, apple slices; Set 2: hummus and baby carrots), assessed on separate occasions. Using hedonic face scales, children indicated their like or dislike for each food. Liking data were not obtained during the COVID-19 lockdown. Set 1 foods were discontinued following the lockdown in a modified version of the protocol moved from in person visits to remote assessments. As such, outcome analyses of children's liking of snacks low in sweetness are reported on complete cases (Set 1 foods: n=40 children; Set 2 foods: n=54 children). This analysis shows the number and percentage of children who liked SET 2 HUMMUS AND BABY CARROTS at the end of the intervention.

Children's Intake (g) of Snacks Low in Sweetness (SET 1 FOODS)

Children's intake of novel snacks in grams using weighed intake methods; higher intake and consummatory responses indicate greater acceptance. Children's ad libitum intake of two sets of lower sweetness intervention snack foods was assessed on separate occasion (Set 1: Strawberry-banana yogurt, apple slices; Set 2: hummus and baby carrots), a protocol that directly followed assessment of liking. Weighed intakes were used to measure children's intake of each food in grams. Intake data were not obtained during the COVID-19 lockdown. Set 1 foods were discontinued following the lockdown in a modified version of the protocol moved from in person visits to remote assessments. As such, outcome analyses of children's liking of snacks low in sweetness are reported on complete cases (Set 1 foods: n=40 children; Set 2 foods: n=54 children). This analysis presents INTAKE in GRAMS of SET 1 STRAWBERRY-BANANA YOGURT AND APPLE SLICES at the END OF TRIAL.

Children's Intake (g) of Snacks Low in Sweetness (SET 2 FOODS)

Children's intake of novel snacks in grams using weighed intake methods; higher intake and consummatory responses indicate greater acceptance. Children's ad libitum intake of two sets of lower sweetness intervention snack foods was assessed on separate occasion (Set 1: Strawberry-banana yogurt, apple slices; Set 2: hummus and baby carrots), a protocol that directly followed assessment of liking. Weighed intakes were used to measure children's intake of each food in grams. Intake data were not obtained during the COVID-19 lockdown. Set 1 foods were discontinued following the lockdown in a modified version of the protocol moved from in person visits to remote assessments. As such, outcome analyses of children's liking of snacks low in sweetness are reported on complete cases (Set 1 foods: n=40 children; Set 2 foods: n=54 children). This analysis presents INTAKE in GRAMS of SET 2 HUMMUS and BABY CARROTS at the END OF TRIAL.

Children's Body Mass Index Z-scores (BMIz)

Children's height was measured in cm and weight in kg; these measures were used to calculate child BMI (kg/m2). Child BMI z-scores were calculated with CDC 2000 growth charts using the LMS method, which standardizes a child's BMI relative to a reference population of U.S. children of the same age and sex. The BMI z-score indicates how many standard deviations the child's BMI is above or below the CDC age- and sex-specific average, with higher positive values indicating higher relative body size compared to children of the same age and sex in the CDC reference population. This analysis compares child BMIz by arm at the END OF TRIAL.

Children's Stable Isotope Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake

Carbon stable isotopes were assessed using ratio mass spectrometry methods using hair samples collected at the start (T0) and end of 4-month intervention (T4).

Monitoring of Individual Differences in Parenting Feeding Styles

Mothers will complete the 19-item Caregivers Feeding Styles Questionnaire [CFSQ]. Each item is scored from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Mean item scores were used to assess parental demandingness (12 items) and responsiveness (7 items), with a possible range of 1 to 5 for each scale where higher scores indicate higher levels of the construct. This measure was collected and checked at baseline to ensure that there were no differences by group/arm.

Monitoring of Individual Differences in Children's Appetitive Drive

Mothers will complete the 26-item Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire [CEBQ]. Each item is scored from 1 (never) to 5 (always) and are averaged and categorized into aspects of child eating (e.g., enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, emotional overeating; emotional undereating, food fussiness); higher numbers reflect more of the behavior. This measure was collected and checked at baseline to ensure that there were no differences by group/arm.

Monitoring of Individual Differences in Children's Behavioral Activation

Children's behavioral activation was measured using the Behavioral Activation Scale, a 20-item self-report questionnaire assessing children's sensitivity to reward and approach motivation across 3 subscales: drive (4 items), fun seeking (4 items), and reward responsiveness (5 items). Each question is answered using a 4-point Likert-type scale, with possible scores ranging from 1 (not true) -4 (very true). Scores for each of the three subscales are calculated as the sum of all items on the subscale, with higher scores indicating higher levels of the construct. Possible scores ranges for subscales are as follows: drive (4-16); fun seeking (4-16), and reward responsiveness (5-20). This measure was collected and checked at baseline to ensure that there were no differences by group/arm.

Monitoring of Individual Differences in Mothers' Palatable Eating Motivation

Mothers will complete the 19-item Palatable Eating Motive Scales (PEMS) questionnaire; each item is scored from 1 (almost never/never exhibits behavior) to 5 (almost always/always exhibits behavior). Scores are averaged and categorized to reflect motives for intake of palatable foods (e.g., to socialize, cope, fit in or conform, for reward enhancement); higher numbers reflect more of the motivation.This measure was collected and checked at baseline to ensure that there were no differences by group/arm.

모자간 당 섭취 첨가량에 대한 모발 바이오마커의 일치도

추가된 설탕 섭취량의 추정치는 4개월 개입 기간(T4)의 시작(T0) 및 종료(T4) 시점에 엄마와 아이로부터 채취한 모발 샘플에 대한 안정 동위 원소 비율 질량 분석법을 통해 결정됩니다. 어머니와 자식 사이의 일치를 결정하기 위해