Assessment of Pain in Newborns and Older Infants (Infant Pain Assessment Study = (iPAS))

June 6, 2022 updated by: Kanwaljeet Anand, Stanford University

Using Machine-learning Algorithms to Assess Acute Pain in Nonverbal Infants

Pain assessments in non-verbal, critically ill infants represent an important clinical challenge. Older children or adults can easily express their pain, but infants lack that capability. They frequently experience repetitive acute pain during routine ICU care, but their analgesic management flounders on the horns of a dilemma: (a) failure to treat infant pain leads to immediate clinical instability and potentially long-term physical, behavioral, and cognitive sequelae, vs. (b) strong analgesics may increase risks for medical complications and/or impaired brain growth. Bedside nurses currently assess pain using pain scores, before taking action to ameliorate pain. Pain scores increase nursing workload and provide subjective assessments, rather than objective data for evaluating infant pain. Consequently, infants exposed to skin-breaking procedures, surgery, or other painful conditions often receive variable and inconsistent pain management in the ICU. The investigators aim to develop a multimodal pain assessment system, using sensor fusion and novel machine learning algorithms to provide an objective measure of pain that is context-dependent and rater-independent. This will enhance the quality of pain management in ICUs and allow continuous pain monitoring in real-time.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
43

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • California
      • Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304
        • Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

3 years to 2 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

We will collect data from 30 study subjects in each of the following age groups:

  • Preterm infants (34-37 weeks, postnatal age 3-30 days)
  • Term newborns (37-42 weeks gestation, less than 1 month of age)
  • Infants from 1-3 months age, and
  • Older infants from 3-6 months age. A total of 120 subjects will be recruited before study closure.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • 1. All infants less than 6 months of corrected chronological age. 2. Infants admitted to the participating ICUs at LPCH (NICU, PICU, CVICU). 3. Require an acute painful procedure for routine clinical care.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Newborns with birth trauma, intrapartum asphyxia (5-minute Apgar Score <4 or cord pH < 7.01), fetal growth restriction (birth weight < 5th percentile for gestation), congenital anomalies or metabolic disorders, or any kind of brain injury.
  2. Newborns born to mothers with a history of heavy smoking or drug abuse (alcohol, cocaine, ketamine, heroin/other opiates) or psychiatric drugs used during this pregnancy.
  3. Newborns and infants requiring positive pressure ventilation using a face mask (BiPAP) or endotracheal tube (conventional or high-frequency ventilators).
  4. Newborns and infants receiving continuous infusions of opioid drugs (morphine, fentanyl, others) and nerve blocks or neuraxial analgesia affecting the site of the invasive procedure during the 24 hours prior to study entry. (Note: Infants receiving intermittent opioids or non-opioid analgesics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketorolac, others) WILL NOT be excluded).
  5. Newborns and infants with facial anomalies, injuries or other pathologies affecting the facial area.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Observational Models: Cohort
  • Time Perspectives: Prospective

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Preterm infants
preterm neonates (34-37 weeks gestational age, n=15)
Other: Pain Measurement
Measurement of infant responses (behavioral and physiological) during a painful procedure.
Term infants
term newborns (37-42 weeks gestation, n=15)
Other: Pain Measurement
Measurement of infant responses (behavioral and physiological) during a painful procedure.
Small infants
1-3 month-old infants (n=15)
Other: Pain Measurement
Measurement of infant responses (behavioral and physiological) during a painful procedure.
Older infants
3-6 month-old infants (n=15)
Other: Pain Measurement
Measurement of infant responses (behavioral and physiological) during a painful procedure.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Pain Measurement (all infants)
Time Frame: 10 minutes
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measures pain intensity based on observer assessment on a scale from 1 to 10, where higher values indicate more intense pain.
10 minutes

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Pain Measurement
Time Frame: 30 minutes
Facial Expressions specific for infant pain will be assessed, including nasolabial furrow and brow bulge. Presence or absence as well as the duration for each facial expression will be recorded during the painful procedure. These facial expressions were chosen from the Neonatal Facial Coding Scale (NFCS) and the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP).
30 minutes
Pain Measurement (newborns 0-30 days)
Time Frame: 5 minutes
Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale (N-PASS) measures level of sedation versus increasing pain or agitation in newborns. Scores range from -10 to +10, where negative scores denote increasing levels of sedation, zero indicates a neutral condition, and positive scores indicate increasing pain intensity and/or agitation.
5 minutes
Pain Measurement (newborns 0-30 days)
Time Frame: 8 minutes
Premature Infant Pain Profile - Revised (PIPP-R) measures pain intensity in newborns, with scores ranging from 0 to 21, higher scores indicating greater pain (adjusted for prematurity and behavioral state).
8 minutes
Pain Measurement (infants 1-6 months)
Time Frame: 3 minutes
Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale (FLACC scale) measures pain in children between the ages of 2 months and 7 years. The scale is scored in a range of 0-10 with 0 representing no pain and 10 indicating severe pain.
3 minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Stanford University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Autonomous Healthcare, Inc.

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Kanwaljeet S Anand, MBBS, D.Phil., Prof.

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 30, 2017

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 29, 2021

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
March 30, 2022

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
October 24, 2017

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
October 30, 2017

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 6, 2017

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 8, 2022

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 6, 2022

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
June 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • IRB-39076

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

No

IPD Plan Description

No data will be shared

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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