Identification of the Causative Drug in Drug-induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis (IDENIAM)

Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis (DAIN) is a rare entity characterized by acute renal failure linked to inflammation of the renal parenchyma secondary to allergenic drug exposure. Treatment is based primarily on the precise identification of the causative drug and its final elimination. Currently, the identification of the causative drug is based on clinical presumption. There is no test to formally identify the causative drug. On the other hand, in-vitro allergological tests (lymphocyte transformation test in particular) have been developed in the course of immuno-allergic drug toxiderma linked to delayed type IV hypersensitivity to identify the causal drug. These tests have not been studied during DAIN, but their value in drug-induced eruption is indisputable. The objective of our study is to determine whether in vitro allergy tests can identify the causative drug during DAIN. If the in vitro tests fail, they will be supplemented by allergological skin tests.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Acute Interstitial Nephritis; Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: in vitro Allergological test Allergological skin tests

Detailed Description

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a nosological entity characterized by the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate and edema in the renal interstitium responsible for acute renal failure. AIN represent 1-3% of all renal biopsies in some studies and up to 20% of diagnosis in acute renal failure. There are several etiologies of AIN: drug-induced (DAIN), immunological, infectious and idiopathic. In a North American single-center retrospective study of 133 patients with histologically proven AIN between 1993 and 2001, the most common cause was drug-induced (70%). The involved drugs were mainly antibiotics (49%), proton pump inhibitors (14%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (11%). More than 250 drugs can cause DAIN and it is established that any drug can be responsible for DAIN.

The clinical presentation of DAIN is aspecific and variable depending on the drug class involved. It usually occurs 7 to 10 days after the introduction of the causative drug, but this delay may be one day with some antibiotics or several months with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or proton pump inhibitors. The only consistent manifestation is acute or subacute renal failure, requiring extra-renal epuration in 40% of cases. Clinically, patients may be asymptomatic or present aspecific clinical manifestations such as arthralgias (45%), fever (36%), and skin rash (22%). Biological examinations systematically reveal elevated creatinine levels and, to varying degrees, eosinophilia (35%), microhematuria (67%), leukocyturia (82%) and non-nephrotic proteinuria (93%). The classic triad of fever, rash and eosinophilia is highly suggestive of DAIN and type IV hypersensitivity reaction but is present in only 10-15% of cases. The diagnosis of DAIN should therefore be systematically evoked in the presence of unexplained acute renal failure associated with recent drug exposure.

The pathophysiology of DAIN remains poorly understood. It would involve a drug hypersensitivity reaction. This pathophysiological hypothesis is based on several observations:

(1) DAIN is an idiosyncratic and non-dose-dependent pathology, (2) the presence of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate is frequent (3) it may be accompanied by a systemic hypersensitivity reaction (skin rash, liver damage, eosinophilia), (4) there is usually a 7-10 day interval between the onset of drug exposure and the onset of acute renal failure. Delayed hypersensitivity (Gell and Combs type IV) in which T cells play a central role is the current hypothesis in the pathophysiology of DAIN. Moreover, the preponderance of T lymphocytes in the interstitial inflammatory infiltrate, the absence of immunoglobulin and complement deposits in direct immunofluorescence in the majority of cases also pleads in favour of a delayed hypersensitivity of type IV mediated by T lymphocytes.

The kidney is a target organ for delayed hypersensitivity for 2 main reasons. First, blood flow is high in the kidneys where potential antigens are filtered, secreted, metabolized and/or concentrated. On the other hand, the kidney plays a central role in the excretion of most drugs. These 2 mechanisms explain the particular susceptibility of the kidneys to delayed hypersensitivity due to the exposure of the renal parenchyma to numerous antigens from pharmacological agents and their metabolites.

The diagnostic and therapeutic management of DAIN is currently not codified. It is based first of all on the identification of the causal drug. Discontinuation of the causative drug and its definitive contraindication are essential. If the causative drug is continued or reintroduced, patients with DAIN are at high risk for severe hypersensitivity events that can lead to end-stage renal disease and death. The precise identification of the causative drug still remains a real challenge since in the majority of cases several drugs are suspected (often elderly patients with polymedication). However, this identification is essential in order to stop the allergic process by avoiding the allergen and to counter-indicate the causal drug for life in order to avoid reintroduction, which would expose the patient to a potentially lethal severe hypersensitivity reaction. Polymedication in patients with DAIN leads in about 30% of cases to the discontinuation and contraindication of several drugs, at the risk of having a negative impact on the management of pathologies or co-morbidities.

In vitro allergological tests have been developed to identify the causal drug in immuno-allergic drug toxidermia related to type IV delayed hypersensitivity. This is mainly the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), which quantifies lymphocyte proliferation after exposure to the allergen in comparison with a control. The LTT has the advantage of being able to be performed at a distance from the allergic episode due to the persistence of memory T cells specific to the allergenic drug, reported for example up to 12 years after an episode of severe toxidermia. The ELISpot is also an in vitro test based on an ELISA-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that measures the number of cytokine-secreting cells (interferon gamma, IL-4, IL-5) among T lymphocytes exposed to allergens. Finally, the measurement of CD154 expression, a marker expressed early on the membrane surface of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, can also provide interesting information on lymphocyte activation induced by an allergen. The sensitivity of in vitro tests for the identification of the causative drug during DAIN is not known. Several publications emphasize the value of in vitro tests to identify the causal drug among several treatments. In the rare observations of DAIN with identification of the drug by in vitro tests, these were performed in the weeks up to 12 years after the initial episode. In vitro tests have the double advantage of being performed on a simple venous sample during the follow-up of patients without the need for a specialized allergology consultation and do not present any other risk (notably no risk of recurrence) than that associated with a blood sample.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 44
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Alexandre CEZ, MD; Phone Number: +33 1 56 01 66 39; Email: alexandre.cez@aphp.fr

Study Locations

• France
  • Paris, France, 75020
    • Nephrology department, Tenon hospital - APHP
    • Contact: Alexandre CEZ, MD; Phone Number: +33 1 56 01 66 39; Email: alexandre.cez@aphp.fr

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥18 years
• Acute renal failure with an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 by CKD-EPI managed in the participating centers in the study
• Histologically proven DAIN by renal biopsy (anatomopathological reading in each center according to local habits): presence of an infiltration of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, monocytes, plasmocytes, eosinophils) in the interstitium accompanied by a variable degree of interstitial edema and fibrosis
• Successful diagnosis of DAIN with identification of one or more attributable drugs
• Signed consent
• Membership in a social security plan or entitled person

Exclusion Criteria:

• Anatomic-clinical suspicion of AIN of infectious or autoimmune cause or associated with systemic diseases (Sjögren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, tubulointerstitial nephritis syndrome and uveitis, systemic lupus, IgG4-associated disease)
• Kidney transplant patients
• Current immunosuppressive treatment at the time of allergological testing (test results not interpretable)
• Participation in other interventional research
• Patient under state medical assistance
• Patient deprived of liberty or under legal protection
• Pregnancy

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Patients with acute drug-induced interstitial nephritis	Other: in vitro Allergological test Allergological skin tests; In vitro allergological tests: lymphocyte transformation test, measurement of CD154 membrane expression, ELISPOT-IFNgammma Allergological skin tests (patch tests, prick tests and intradermal tests with European standardised method) in case of negative "in vitro tests".; Other Names: Blood sample in vitro test skin tests

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of patients with at least one allergological test (in vitro or in vivo) positive for a suspected molecule	In vitro tests are lymphocyte transformation test, ELISPOT-Interferon gamma, measurement of CD154 expression. In vivo (skin) tests are patch test, prick test, intradermal test	6 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of patients with at least one positive result in one of the three in vitro allergological tests	Proportion of patients with at least one positive result in one of the three in vitro allergological tests performed 3-18 months after an episode of histologically confirmed AMN	6 months
Proportion of patients with positive results for each in vitro allergy test performed 3-18 months after an episode of histologically confirmed NIAM		6 months
Proportion of patients with a positive result for one of the three skin tests in case of negative in vitro test		6 months
Proportion of patients with positive results for each skin test in case of negative in vitro tests		6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Alexandre CEZ, MD, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Anticipated): July 1, 2022
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): January 1, 2023
• Study Completion (Anticipated): January 1, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 9, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 9, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): February 10, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 30, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 29, 2022
• Last Verified: June 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Allergy; Drugs; Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis; Allergologic tests
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Kidney Diseases; Urologic Diseases; Nephritis; Nephritis, Interstitial
• Other Study ID Numbers: APHP201135; 2021-A01463-38 (Other Identifier: ANSM)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No