Golf After Orthopaedic Surgery: A Longitudinal Follow-up (GOLF) Study

Aims The primary aim of this prospective, multi-centre study is to describe the rates of returning to golf following hip, knee and shoulder arthroplasty in an active golfing population. Secondary aims will include determining the timing of return to golf, changes in ability, handicap, and mobility, and assessing joint-specific and health-related outcomes following surgery.

Methods This is a multi-centre, prospective, longitudinal study between the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City and Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Both centres are high-volume arthroplasty centres, specialising in upper and lower limb arthroplasty. Patients undergoing hip, knee or shoulder arthroplasty at either centres, and who report being golfers prior to arthroplasty will be included. Patient-reported outcome measures will obtained at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. A one-year period of recruitment will be undertaken of arthroplasty patients at both sites.

Conclusions The results of this prospective study will provide clinicians with accurate data to deliver to patients with regards to the likelihood of return to golf and timing of when they can expect to return to golf following their hip, knee or shoulder arthroplasty, as well as their joint-specific functional outcomes. This will help patients to manage their postoperative expectations and plan their postoperative recovery pathway.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Knee Osteoarthritis; Hip Osteoarthritis; Shoulder Osteoarthritis

Detailed Description

This study will include adult patients who participate in golf (>18 years) at the Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh;) undergoing joint arthroplasty. The study will commence once NHS research ethics committee (REC) approval and NHS R&D Management approval is granted at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

The treatment that patients receive will not be affected by involvement in the study. The only difference in the patient pathway will be additional phone call/online follow ups of golf-related outcome measures postoperatively.

All patients will be identified in the clinic or pre-assessment clinic by the surgical team (consultant or registrar) or research assistant and be given the patient information sheet at one of these visits. Patients undergoing joint replacement in the orthopaedic unit are already offered to consent to follow up in the arthroplasty database at the time of attending the pre-assessment clinic and therefore additional paperwork will be added to enrol in the proposed golf study.

Patients will have access to the consent form at either the clinic or pre-assessment clinic. They are routinely offered to consent for arthroplasty follow up via our database which is in the form of 6 and 12 month postal questionnaires. An additional consent form will be included if patients identify as golfers on the questionnaire at the time of consenting for routine their arthroplasty.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Estimated): 432

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • Midlothian
    • Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom, EH16 4SA
      • Recruiting
      • Edinburgh Orthopaedics
      • Contact: Nick Clement, FRCS (Orth), MD, PhD; Phone Number: 01315361000; Email: nickclement@doctors.org.uk

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: N/A

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients scheduled for hip, knee and shoulder arthroplasty at each centre will be asked if they consider themselves a golfer. Potential patients will include those undergoing hip, knee or shoulder arthroplasty at the two medical centres. Patients will be enrolled preoperatively and followed for 1 year postoperatively.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• 1. Age ≥18 years 2. A self-reported golfer 3. Able to consent to treatment 4. Assessed and listed for one of the following surgical procedures

  1. Total hip arthroplasty
  2. Hip resurfacing
  3. Revision hip arthroplasty
  4. Total knee arthroplasty
  5. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
  6. Revision knee arthroplasty
  7. Total shoulder arthroplasty
  8. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty
  9. Shoulder resurfacing arthroplasty
  10. Revision shoulder arthroplasty

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1. Patients unable to comply with post-operative data gathering including completing questionnaires 2. Patients declining operative management 3. No desire to return to golf postoperatively 4. Medical co-morbidities that affect the patient's ability to play golf, that will ultimately not allow the patient to return to golf postoperatively

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

3

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Hip Arthroplasty; Patients undergoing total hip replacement, hip resurfacing or revision hip replacement
Knee Arthroplasty; Patients undergoing total knee replacement, partial knee replacement or revision knee replacement
Shoulder Arthroplasty; Patients undergoing total shoulder replacement, reverse shoulder replacement or partial shoulder replacement (hemiarthroplasty).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Rate and timing of returning to golf following hip, knee and shoulder arthroplasty	The primary outcome will be to report the rates of return to golf following hip, knee and shoulder arthroplasty.	1 year

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Golf related outcomes	Secondary outcomes will include the timing of return, changes in the frequency of golfing, changes in mobility on the golf course, changes in handicap, joint pain during and after golf, and satisfaction with their involvement in golf.	1 year
Patient-reported outcome measure 1	Golf After Arthroplasty Surgery Score	1 year
Patient-reported outcome measure 2	Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - Joint Replacement (HOOS-JR)	1 year
Patient-reported outcome measure 3	Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - Joint Replacement (KOOS-JR)	1 year
Patient-reported outcome measure 4	American Shoulder and Elbow Score (ASES)	1 year
Patient-reported outcome measure 5	PROMIS Global Health Survey	1 year

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Edinburgh
• Collaborators: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 1, 2023
• Primary Completion (Estimated): January 1, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 20, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 4, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): January 9, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 10, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 9, 2024
• Last Verified: May 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Joint Diseases; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Rheumatic Diseases; Arthritis; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis, Hip
• Other Study ID Numbers: 305142

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No