Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy for Perinatal Distress

The Effectiveness of Psychopharmacological Intervention Versus Cognitive Behavioural Couple Therapy and Their Combination in Perinatal Distressed Couples: A Randomized Clinical Trial

The hypotheses of the study are

• There will be differences in perceived distress, dyadic coping strategies, social support, quality of life, and well-being in couples at Pre- and Post-Test Levels during the perinatal period in couples.
• There will be differences in psychopharmacology on total scores of perceived distress, dyadic coping strategies, social support, quality of life, and well-being between the experimental and wait list-placebo control groups.
• There will be differences in CBCT (condition: without Zikr) on total scores of perceived distress, dyadic coping strategies, social support, quality of life, and well-being between the experimental and wait list control group.
• There will be differences in CBCT (condition: with Zikr) on total scores of perceived distress, dyadic coping strategies, social support, quality of life, and well-being between the experimental and wait list-placebo control groups.
• There will be differences for combined psychopharmacology, and CBT (conditions: with Zikr, without Zikr ) dimensions on total scores of perceived distress, dyadic coping strategies, social support, quality of life, and well-being between experimental and wait list-placebo control group.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Perinatal Depression; Perinatal Anxiety
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Psychopharmacological Intervention; Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy; Other: Combination of Psychopharmacological Intervention and CBCT; Other: Placebo and No Intervention

Detailed Description

The research questions of the study are

• How effective will psychopharmacological treatment, CBCT, and combined medicine-CBCT interventions be in reducing symptoms of distress and improving quality of life among couples during the perinatal period through a randomized clinical trial?

• Will dyadic coping strategies, social support, quality of life, and well-being be improved in couples at the post-test level as compared to the pre-test level by therapeutic intervention through a randomized clinical trial?
• What impact this above-stated different mode of intervention will have on perceived distress, dyadic coping strategies, social support, quality of life, and well-being between experimental and wait list-placebo control groups?

Procedures and Protocol

The investigator will ask willing participants (screened for high risk) to select one of their preferred treatment modes out of the following

1. Medications (antidepressants and/or anxiolytics).
2. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy without Zikr.
3. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy with Zikr.
4. Combination of medications and cognitive behavioral therapy.

5. Combination of medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, and Zikr.

   A list of willing participants will be prepared. Each participant will have one in five chances of getting the preferred treatment mode. There will be two groups (experimental and control). To put people into one of the two groups, the investigator will select by chance for instance by tossing a coin.

   Participants will not know to which group they actually belong. This information will be recorded in the investigator's files, but the research assistant will not look at these files until after the research is finished. This is the best way the investigators have for testing without being influenced by what they think or hope might happen. The investigator and research assistant will then compare which of the two has the best results.

   The healthcare professionals (consultant gynecologists and investigator's research assistant) will be looking after the participants very carefully during the study. If there are anything participants are concerned about or that is bothering them about the research they will talk to the researcher, research assistant, gynaecologist or staff.

   A placebo or inactive medicine looks like real medicine but it is not. It is a dummy or pretend medicine. It has no effect on a person because it has no real medicine in it. The investigator wants to know whether medicine is good, therefore some people will be given the medicine and others will be given the pretend or a dummy medicine. For the research to be good, it is important that participants do not know whether they have been given real medicine or pretend or dummy medicine. This is one of the best ways the investigator have for knowing what the medicine that are being tested really does. But the participants given a placebo will be informed at the end of the study and will be given treatment with medication as they are wait-list control. Participants will receive psychopharmacological treatment according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines.

   Description of the Process

   During the research a couple has to make ten visits to attend ten sessions in the hospital.

   • In the first visit, rapport will be built and pre-test assessment will be done in the following two approaches

   Quantitative Approach

   • Indigenously developed Parental Perinatal Distress Scale (PPDS).

   • Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS).

   • Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI).
   • Flourishing Scale (FS).
   • World Health Organization's Quality of Life Brief (WOLQOL-BREF)

   Qualitative Approach

   • In a qualitative approach, the semi-structured interviews will be conducted to explore the present stressors and expectations, and perceptions about the effectivity of treatments for perinatal distress among couples.

   Group 1 will be given medications or placebo for two weeks and/or for four to five weeks maximum (as per requirement) by the consultant gynaecologist. They have to visit after two weeks for post-test assessment. After treatment, the medicine will be tapered off to stop the intake. As explained before, neither participant will know whether they have received the medicine or the placebo. But in the end placebo participants will be debriefed and will be continued with real medication.

   Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4 will continue the following 10 sessions (two sessions, each one hour per week) of CBCT with the investigator.

   • In the second session, participants will be psycho-educated for perinatal period distress, couples' physical and mental health and impact on the fetus-infant, the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and the significance of identification. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be carried out along with deep breathing. Feedback on the session will be taken.

   • In the third session, participants will be psycho-educated on the theoretical model of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy with some historical highlights and empirical standing. A thought log will be given for homework. Feedback for deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation will be carried out.

   • In the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth session, feedback will be taken on homework and session. Various techniques of Cognitive Behavioural Couple Therapy will be applied based on the nature and contents of identified precipitating, perpetuating, and present stressors. In addition, relevant techniques will be incorporated from other modalities with eclecticism. Tasbeeh in Zikr will be given to group 3 and group 5 who opted for it in the screening process.

   • On the tenth visit, feedback on the session and homework will be taken. post-test assessment will be done in the following two approaches Group 5 will be exposed to one of the two conditions. 50% of couples will get a placebo and 50% will receive routine treatment care with no intervention. However, after the completion of the research, this waitlist group (control) will be briefed and will be delivered with an intervention mode of treatment of their choice as selected earlier.

   Quantitative Approach • Indigenously developed Parental Perinatal Distress Scale (PPDS). • Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). • Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI).

   • Flourishing Scale (FS).
   • World Health Organization's Quality of Life Brief (WOLQOL-BREF) Qualitative Approach
   • In a qualitative approach, the semi-structured interview will be conducted to explore the present stressors and expectations, and perceptions about effectivity of treatments for perinatal distress among couples.

   Duration The research takes place from 15th August, 2023 to 30th September, 2023. Screening (for Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder) with PPDS will be carried out on the couples who visit the gynecological ward of the hospital in August. After screening and signed informed consent, it will be necessary for participants to come to the clinic/hospital for 10 days in total, for one hour each day in September (two sessions per week, each for one hour).

   The investigator and the research assistant would like to meet with participants twice in the upcoming month after the participant's last session visit for a final check-up in follow-ups.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 80
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Sameera Shafiq Lecturer, PhD Scholar, MPhil; Phone Number: +923345116648; Email: sameerashafiq@yahoo.com

Study Locations

• Pakistan
  • Gujrat, Pakistan
    • University of Gujrat

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• The fourth month of pregnancy till the seventh month of the antenatal period.
• One week after delivery/birth till one year of a child in the postnatal period.
• Screened by PPDS as high-risk couples (for the level of severe symptomology) for Major Depressive Disorder (cut-off score 29 to 42) and/or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (cut-off score 17 to 24), and their Comorbidity.
• Dose requirements in any one of the antidepressant and/or anxiolytic, such as escitalopram (5-10 mg), sertraline (12.5-25 mg), and/or alprazolam (0.25-0.50 mg) per day.
• Wives accompanied by their husbands.
• Willingness to participate as a couple in the study.
• No physical disorder is present.
• No disability is present.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unwilling couples to participate in the study.
• Wife and/or couple is in an emergency.
• Wife and/or couple has unstable mental health.
• Wife accompanied by close relatives other than a spouse.
• Wife in the first week of delivery.
• Dose requirements in any one of the antidepressant and/or anxiolytic, such as escitalopram (above10 mg), sertraline (above 25 mg), and/or alprazolam (above 0.50 mg) per day.
• Couples screened with depressive disorder and/or anxiety disorder having psychotic features.
• Couples screened with depressive disorder and/or anxiety disorder having suicidal ideation.
• Couples screened with depressive disorder and/or anxiety disorder having mania/hypomanic features.
• Couples having diabetes.
• Couples having cardiovascular disorders.
• Any intellectual, visual, or hearing disability present in either spouse of a couple.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Screening
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

5

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Psychopharmacological Intervention; This group will receive psychopharmacological intervention with perinatal safe light doses of antidepressants (see Langan et al., 2016; Schoretsanitis et al., 2021) and/or anxiolytic medications (see Nishimura et al, 2021; Saito et al, 2022) by a gynecologist. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (Escitalopram, 5-10 mg in pregnancy and Sertraline, 12.5-25 mg in postpartum) and/or Benzodiazepine (Alprazolam, 0.25-0.5 mg) will be prescribed in tablet form per day.	Drug: Psychopharmacological Intervention; Escitalopram 5-10 mg in antenatal period; Sertraline 12.5-25 mg in postnatal period) and/or Benzodiazepine (Alprazolam, 0.25-0.50 mg).
Experimental: Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) Intervention; This group will receive CBCT intervention from a trained psychologist in CBT. There are two conditions of CBCT, i) with Zikr, and ii) without Zikr.	Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy; CBCT intervention from a trained psychologist in CBT.
Experimental: Combined Intervention; This group will receive Medicine (prescribed by a consultant gynecologist) and CBCT intervention (with or without Zikr) from a trained psychologist in CBT.	Drug: Psychopharmacological Intervention; Escitalopram 5-10 mg in antenatal period; Sertraline 12.5-25 mg in postnatal period) and/or Benzodiazepine (Alprazolam, 0.25-0.50 mg).; Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy; CBCT intervention from a trained psychologist in CBT.; Other: Combination of Psychopharmacological Intervention and CBCT; Medication will be prescribed by a consultant gynecologist and CBCT (conditions: with or without Zikr) will be provided by a trained psychologist.
Placebo Comparator: Control (Placebo and No Intervention); This group will receive a placebo from a gynecologist or no intervention from a trained psychologist.	Other: Placebo and No Intervention; Control waitlist group will be provided with either a placebo by a consultant gynaecologist or no intervention by a trained psychologist
No Intervention: Other; This group will receive no intervention from a trained psychologist.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Changes in the Scores of Parental Perinatal Distress Scale (PPDS)	The Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder screening subscales of PPDS comprised of 8 and 14 items respectively, on a 0 to 3 scale. Scores range from 0 to 66, with higher scores indicating higher levels of perinatal anxiety and perinatal depression in couples.	Pre-test Assessment in first week and post-test assessment in last week, with one month follow-up, through study completion, an average of 6 months.
Changes in the Scores of Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)	MSPSS comprised of 12 items with 1 to 7 scoring categories. Scores range from 12 to 84, with higher scores indicating higher levels of social support for perinatal couples.	Pre-test Assessment in first week and post-test assessment in last week, with one month follow, through study completion, an average of 6 months.-up
Changes in the Scores of Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI)	DCI comprised of 37 items with 1 to 5 scoring categories. Scores range from 37 to 185, with higher scores indicating higher levels coping in perinatal couples.	Pre-test Assessment in first week and post-test assessment in last week, with one month follow-up, through study completion, an average of 6 months.
Changes in the Scores of Flourishing Scale (FS)	FS comprised of 8 items with 1 to 7 scoring categories. Scores range from 8 to 56, with higher scores indicating better wellbeing in perinatal couples.	Pre-test Assessment in first week and post-test assessment in last week, with one month follow-up, through study completion, an average of 6 months.
Changes in the Scores of WHOQOL-BREF	WHOQOL-BREF comprised of 26 items with 1 to 5 scoring categories. Scores range from 26 to 130, with higher scores indicating better quality of life in perinatal couples.	Pre-test Assessment in first week and post-test assessment in last week, with on month follow-up, through study completion, an average of 6 months.
Changes in Blood Concentration (either ng/ml or mg/L) Level for escitalopram, sertraline, and alprazolam	The main adverse events for escitalopram and sertraline are nausea/vomiting, and weight gain, sedation, and headache. Based on the safety/coverage ratio among agents with ≥20% adverse event coverage, the safest profile emerged for escitalopram and included sertraline as well (Solmi et al, 2020). Adverse events such as sedation have been reported for alprazolam 2 mg otherwise considered safety and tolerability profile indicating low potential for abuse (Wilbraham et al, 2020). Blood concentration (either ng/ml or mg/L) for escitalopram, sertraline, and alprazolam will be measured (conditioned to the availability of tests in diagnostic laboratory of Gujrat, Pakistan).	Post-test assessment in last week of the trial, follow up 6 months, through study completion, an average of 6 months..
Number of participants with treatment-related adverse events as assessed by CTCAE v4.0	The side-effects of escitalopram, sertraline, and alprazolam with 5-10 mg, 12.5-25 mg, and 0.25-0.50 mg doses, are classified as Grade 1 level in CTCAE v4.0 because they settle down within two to three weeks of continued medication. Yazdy et al (2014) have identified the risk of clubfoot with the escitalopram in first trimester. Pinheiro et al, 2015 have posited sertraline a safe medicine during postpartum period. Lee et al, 2022 have indicated that 1 mg alprazolam use during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects of low birth weight and spontaneous abortion. Amenorrhea and galactorrhorea have been reported in a female case study who was consuming 5 to 6 mg of alprazolam per day in addition to 3 mg of alprazolam XR (Petric et al, 2011). Therefore the present study has restricted the dose of alprazolam upto 0.50 mg. The frequency of cases (rate, number) with low birth weighted infants, abortions, amenorrhea and galactorrhea will be recorded (if any).	Post-test assessment in last week of the trial, follow up 6 months, through study completion, an average of 6 months.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Sameera Shafiq

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL Group. Psychol Med. 1998 May;28(3):551-8. doi: 10.1017/s0033291798006667.
• Zimet GD, Powell SS, Farley GK, Werkman S, Berkoff KA. Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1990 Winter;55(3-4):610-7. doi: 10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095.
• Akhtar A, Rahman A, Husain M, Chaudhry IB, Duddu V, Husain N. Multidimensional scale of perceived social support: psychometric properties in a South Asian population. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010 Aug;36(4):845-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01204.x.
• Langan R, Goodbred AJ. Identification and Management of Peripartum Depression. Am Fam Physician. 2016 May 15;93(10):852-8.
• Schoretsanitis G, Westin AA, Stingl JC, Deligiannidis KM, Paulzen M, Spigset O. Antidepressant transfer into amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood & breast milk: A systematic review & combined analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 20;107:110228. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110228. Epub 2021 Jan 2.
• Nishimura A, Furugen A, Umazume T, Kitamura S, Soma M, Noshiro K, Takekuma Y, Sugawara M, Iseki K, Kobayashi M. Benzodiazepine Concentrations in the Breast Milk and Plasma of Nursing Mothers: Estimation of Relative Infant Dose. Breastfeed Med. 2021 May;16(5):424-431. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0259. Epub 2021 Jan 15.
• Saito J, Tachibana Y, Wada YS, Yakuwa N, Kawasaki H, Suzuki T, Sago H, Yamatani A, Murashima A. Transfer of brotizolam, periciazine, and sulpiride in cord blood and breast milk, and alprazolam in breast milk: a case report. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2022 Apr 1;8(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s40780-022-00241-2.
• Solmi M, Fornaro M, Ostinelli EG, Zangani C, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Fusar-Poli P, Correll CU. Safety of 80 antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-attention-deficit/hyperactivity medications and mood stabilizers in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a large scale systematic meta-review of 78 adverse effects. World Psychiatry. 2020 Jun;19(2):214-232. doi: 10.1002/wps.20765.
• Yazdy MM, Mitchell AA, Louik C, Werler MM. Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and the risk of clubfoot. Epidemiology. 2014 Nov;25(6):859-65. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000157.
• Wilbraham D, Berg PH, Tsai M, Liffick E, Loo LS, Doty EG, Sellers E. Abuse Potential of Lasmiditan: A Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo- and Alprazolam-Controlled Crossover Study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Apr;60(4):495-504. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1543. Epub 2019 Nov 20.
• Pinheiro E, Bogen DL, Hoxha D, Ciolino JD, Wisner KL. Sertraline and breastfeeding: review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015 Apr;18(2):139-146. doi: 10.1007/s00737-015-0499-y. Epub 2015 Jan 15.
• Lee H, Koh JW, Kim YA, Chun KC, Han JY, Hwang JH, Choi JS, Joo SH, Kwon HY. Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes After Exposure to Alprazolam in Pregnancy. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 25;13:854562. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854562. eCollection 2022. Erratum In: Front Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 05;13:934265.
• Petric D, Peitl MV, Peitl V. High doses alprazolam induced amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. Psychiatr Danub. 2011 Mar;23(1):123-4.
• Bodenmann G. Dyadic coping inventory: Test manual. Bern, Switzerland: Huber. 2008.
• Choudhry FR, Al-Worafi YM, Akram B, Ahmed MA, Anwar Ul Haq M, Khan TM, Rehman IU, Barki N, Munawar K, Kamal A, Kassab YW, Bakrin FS, Golden KJ. Factor Structure of Urdu Version of the Flourishing Scale. Front Psychol. 2018 Sep 19;9:1513. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01513. eCollection 2018.
• Diener E, Wirtz D, Biswas-Diener R, Tov W, Kim-Prieto C, Choi DW, Oishi S. New measures of well-being. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. 2009:247-66.
• Saqib Lodhi F, Raza O, Montazeri A, Nedjat S, Yaseri M, Holakouie-Naieni K. Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017 Dec 25;31:129. doi: 10.14196/mjiri.31.129. eCollection 2017.
• Shafiq S, Bano Z, Randhawa SS, Khan KH, Muhammad QU, Muhammad A. Effectiveness of adapted cognitive behaviour therapy for dysthymia: An evidence based case study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022 Mar;72(3):554-556. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.1412.
• Shujja S, Adil A, Randall AK, Bodenmann G, Malik F. Psychometric properties and validity of Dyadic Coping Inventory-Urdu Version for use in Pakistan. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships. 2020 Dec 22;14(2):183-99.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): August 15, 2023
• Primary Completion (Estimated): September 30, 2023
• Study Completion (Estimated): October 31, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 26, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 13, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): August 21, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 21, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 13, 2023
• Last Verified: August 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy; Pharmacological Phenomena
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Depression
• Other Study ID Numbers: UOG/ORIC/2022/393

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No