Carbohydrate Counting and DASH Intervention and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women With Gestational Diabetes

Inclusion Criteria:

• Jordanian pregnant women with GDM at 24 -28 gestational weeks.
• Aged 25-40 with no-personal history of type 1 or 2 diabetes, or impaired fasting glucose (Koivusalo et al., 2016).
• Singleton gestation (Louie et al., 2011).
• Absence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, hepatic and kidney disease and cancer, and psychiatric disorder (Ma et al., 2014).
• Absence of the use of medication that influences glucose metabolism, such as continuous therapy with oral corticosteroids (Koivusalo et al., 2016)
• Pregnant women who do not have special dietary requirements (Louie et al., 2011).

Nonsmoker or nonalcoholic drinker during pregnancy (Louie et al., 2011) Well educated and well cooperative, more than 10 years of formal schooling (Ma et al., 2014).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Non- Jordanian pregnant women or Jordanian pregnant women with GDM at <24 or >28 gestational weeks.
• Aged > 40 years with multiple gestation and suspected over-diabetes (Koivusalo et al., 2016).
• Multiple gestations (Louie et al., 2011).
• Presence of chronic diseases, severe psychiatric disorder. Women with the risk factors for placental insufficiency, or history of preeclampsia (Ma et al., 2014; Koivusalo et al., 2016).
• Presence of the use of medication that influences glucose metabolism, such as continuous therapy with oral corticosteroids (Koivusalo et al., 2016)
• Pregnant women who have special dietary requirements (Louie et al., 2011).
• Who smoked or consumed alcohol during pregnancy (Louie et al., 2011)
• Less than 10 years of formal schooling or previous intensive nutrition education or intervention for diabetes (Ma et al., 2014).