A Study of Clofarabine in Combination With Etoposide and Cyclophosphamide in Children With Acute Leukemias.

A Phase 1/2 Dose-Escalation Study of Clofarabine in Combination With Etoposide and Cyclophosphamide in Pediatric Patients With Refractory or Relapsed Acute Leukemias.

Clofarabine (injection) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who have had at least 2 prior treatment regimens. This use is based on the induction of complete responses. Randomized trials demonstrating increased survival or other clinical benefit have not been conducted.

The purpose of the phase 1 portion of this study was to determine if clofarabine added to a combination of etoposide and cyclophosphamide is safe in children with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The purpose of the phase 2 portion of the study was to measure the effectiveness of the combination therapy in children with ALL.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; Acute Myelogenous Leukemia; Relapsed Leukemia
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: clofarabine; Drug: Etoposide; Drug: Cyclophosphamide

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 50
• Phase: Phase 2; Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Alabama
    • Birmingham, Alabama, United States
      • Children's Hospital of Alabama
  • California
    • Los Angeles, California, United States
      • Children's Hospital of Los Angeles
    • San Diego, California, United States
      • Rady Children's Hospital
  • Connecticut
    • Hartford, Connecticut, United States
      • Connecticut Children's Medical Center
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States
      • Children's Memorial Hospital
  • Indiana
    • Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
      • St. Vincent Children's Hospital
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States
      • Dana Farber Cancer Institute
  • Michigan
    • Detroit, Michigan, United States
      • Children's Hospital of Michigan
  • New York
    • New York, New York, United States
      • Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
    • New York, New York, United States
      • New York School of Medicine
  • Tennessee
    • Memphis, Tennessee, United States
      • St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
  • Texas
    • Houston, Texas, United States
      • University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
  • Washington
    • Seattle, Washington, United States
      • Seattle Children's Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 1 year to 21 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• NOTE: the following eligibility criteria were applicable to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients for the Phase 1 portion of this study, and to ALL patients for the Phase 2 portion of the study (only ALL patients were allowed in the Phase 2 portion of the study).
• ALL with > 25% blasts in bone marrow; AML with ≥ 5% blasts in bone marrow; ALL and AML patients may have extramedullary disease
• Karnofsky Performance Status ≥ 50 for patients > 10 years old; Lansky Performance Status ≥ 50 for patients ≤ 10 years old
• Prior therapy: AML: 1-2 prior induction regimens and ≤ 1 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); ALL: 1-3 prior induction regimens
• Adequate liver, renal, pancreatic, and cardiac function
• Have received no prior HSCT (study amended in Phase 2 to exclude patients with prior HSCT)

Exclusion Criteria:

• NOTE: the following eligibility criteria were applicable to ALL and AML patients for the Phase 1 portion of this study, and to ALL patients for the Phase 2 portion of the study (only ALL patients were allowed in the Phase 2 portion of the study).
• Burkitt's leukemia
• Previous treatment with clofarabine
• Uncontrolled systemic fungal, bacterial or other infection and 48 hrs negative blood cultures required for patients with a history of fever within 3 days of enrollment
• Active CNS involvement (i.e., should be CNS1 or CNS2)
• Inadequate time since last therapy: ≤ 14 days since last cytotoxic chemotherapy; ≤ 7 days since last biologic therapy; ≤ 14 days since last monoclonal antibody therapy
• Have received prior HSCT (study amended in Phase 2 to exclude patients with prior HSCT)
• Pregnant or lactating
• Have tested positive for hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection or history of cirrhosis

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Experimental: clofarabine, etoposide, cyclophosphamide; Phase 1: escalating dosage of the three drugs delivered intravenously. Clofarabine dosage from 20-40 mg/m^2, etoposide dosage from 75-100 mg/m^2, cyclophosphamide dosage from 340-440 mg/m^2. Phase 2: The recommended phase 2 doses (RP2D) were clofarabine 40 mg/m^2, etoposide 100 mg/m^2 and cyclophosphamide 440 mg/m^2 delivered intravenously

Drug: clofarabine; Clofarabine 20-40 mg/m²/day 2 hour intravenous (IV) infusion daily for 5 days of a 28 day cycle as the first of the three IV interventions administered. Maximum of 8 cycles given in both the phase 1 and phase 2 study periods.; Other Names: Evoltra; Clolar; Drug: Etoposide; Etoposide 75-100 mg/m²/day 2 hour intravenous (IV) infusion daily for 5 days of a 28 day cycle following clofarabine therapy. Maximum of 8 cycles given in both the phase 1 and phase 2 study periods.; Other Names: Eposin; Drug: Cyclophosphamide; Cyclophosphamide 340-440 mg/m²/day as 30-60 minute intravenous (IV) infusion daily for 5 days of a 28 day cycle following the other two interventions. Maximum of 8 cycles given in both the phase 1 and phase 2 study periods.; Other Names: Cytoxan; Endoxan; Revimmune

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) in Phase 1	The MTD was to be the highest dose level of clofarabine in combination with etoposide and cyclophosphamide that caused <= 1 of 6 participants to experience a dose limiting toxicity (DLT) with the next higher dose level having at least 2 of 3 or 2 of 6 participants experiencing a DLT. The MTD would be used as the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). If the MTD could not be determined, then the target dose of clofarabine 40 mg/m^2, etoposide 100 mg/m^2 and cyclophosphamide 440 mg/m^2 as taken by Cohort 5 was to become the RP2D. The rating scale used is 0 = not the MTD, 1 = the MTD.	Up to Day 42 (Phase 1 portion of study)
Participants With Dose Limiting Toxicity in Phase 1	The number of participants in each cohort that had dose limiting toxicity is summarized. Toxicities were reviewed by an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) who determined if additional participants should be added to the cohort and the criteria for escalating to the next cohort.	Up to Day 42 (Phase 1 portion of study)
Percentage of Participants Achieving A Response Over the First Two Treatment Cycles in Phase 2	Response categories 1) complete remission (CR): without circulating blasts or extramedullary disease, bone marrow (BM) with <5% blasts, and platelet (plt)/ANC recovery: ≥75/ ≥0.75 [x 10^9/L] 2) CR in absence of plt recovery (CRp): plt ≥20 to <75 x 10^9/L 3) partial remission (PR): no circulating blasts, appearance of normal hematopoietic progenitors, and either a BM with ≥5% and ≤25% blasts with recovery of plts/ANC or a BM with <5% blasts not meeting CR/CRp definition 4) Overall remission (OR): CR+CRp 5) Any response: CR+CRp+PR.	Approximately 28-56 days (Phase 2 portion of study)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Summary of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) in Phase 1	Number of participants with AEs that occurred during treatment and follow-up period (45 days after last cycle). Drug-related AEs and SAEs were followed until resolved or mutually agreed by the investigator and Genzyme to discontinue reporting. AEs were classified by the investigator according to severity (graded using National Cancer Institute [NCI] Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version 3.0) and relationship to study drug. The severity scale is:> Grade 1=Mild, Grade 2=Moderate, Grade 3=Severe, Grade 4=Life-threatening or disabling, Grade 5=Death related to AE	Up to 9.5 months (Phase 1 portion of study)
Percentage of Participants Achieving A Response Over the First Two Treatment Cycles in Phase 1	Response categories 1) complete remission (CR): without circulating blasts or extramedullary disease, bone marrow (BM) with <5% blasts, and platelet (plt)/ANC recovery: ALL ≥75/ ≥0.75 [x 10^9/L]; AML ≥100/ ≥1.0 [x 10^9/L] 2) CR in absence of plt recovery (CRp): ALL plt ≥20 to <75 x 10^9/L; AML plt ≥20 to <100 x 10^9/L 3) partial remission (PR): no circulating blasts, appearance of normal hematopoietic progenitors, and either a BM with ≥5% and ≤25% blasts with recovery of plts/ANC or a BM with <5% blasts not meeting CR/CRp definition 4) Overall remission (OR): CR+CRp 5) Any response: CR+CRp+PR.	Approximately 2 months (Phase 1 portion of study)
Time to Remission for Participants Who Had a Response in Phase 1	The weeks between start of intervention and remission as assessed by the investigator in Phase 1. Participants who had a complete remission (CR) or complete remission with the absence of total platelet recovery (CRp) are included.	up to 8 weeks (Phase 1 portion of study)
Kaplan Meier Estimate of Duration of Remission (DOR) for Participants Who Achieved Overall Remission (OR) in Phase 1	Duration of response is the time from the first objective measurement of complete response (CR) or complete response with the absence of total platelet recovery (CRp) to the date of first objective documentation of disease relapse or death due to any cause, plus one day. For summary purposes, results are presented as weeks.	Up to 2 years (Phase 1 portion of study)
Kaplan Meier Estimates of Event-free Survival (EFS) for Participants in Phase 1	Event-free survival (EFS) is defined as the time from date of first administration of study interventions until the earliest of the following: date of death or date of first response assessment confirming relapse or date of final response assessment which fails to confirm response, plus one day. For summary purposes, results are presented as weeks.	Up to 2 years (Phase 1 portion of study)
Number of Participants With 4-month Event Free Survival in Phase 1	Number of participants with event-free survival at four months post first dose of therapy. A participant is considered event-free if at month 4 they have not died or had a response assessment confirming a relapse.	4 months (Phase I portion of study)
Kaplan Meier Estimates of Overall Survival (OS) for Participants in Phase 1	Overall survival is defined as the time from date of first administration of study interventions until date of death, plus one day. For summary purposes, results are presented as weeks.	Up to 2 years (Phase 1 portion of study)
Summary of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) in Phase 2	Number of participants with AEs that occurred during treatment and follow-up period (45 days after last cycle). Drug-related AEs and SAEs were followed until resolved or mutually agreed by the investigator and Genzyme to discontinue reporting. AEs were classified by the investigator according to severity (graded using National Cancer Institute [NCI] Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version 3.0) and relationship to study drug. The severity scale is:> Grade 1=Mild, Grade 2=Moderate, Grade 3=Severe, Grade 4=Life-threatening or disabling, Grade 5=Death related to AE	Up to 9.5 months (Phase 2 portion of study)
Time to Remission for Participants Who Had a Response in Phase 2	The weeks between start of intervention and remission as assessed by the investigator in Phase 2. Participants who had a complete remission (CR) or complete remission with the absence of total platelet recovery (CRp) are included.	up to 8 weeks (Phase 2 portion of study)
Kaplan Meier Estimate of Duration of Remission (DOR) for Participants Who Achieved Overall Remission (OR) in Phase 2	Duration of response is the time from the first objective measurement of complete response (CR) or complete response with the absence of total platelet recovery (CRp) to the date of first objective documentation of disease relapse or death due to any cause, plus one day. For summary purposes, results are presented as weeks.	Up to 2 years (Phase 2 portion of study)
Kaplan Meier Estimates of Event-free Survival (EFS) for Participants in Phase 2	Event-free survival (EFS) is defined as the time from date of first administration of study interventions until the earliest of the following: date of death or date of first response assessment confirming relapse or date of final response assessment which fails to confirm response, plus one day. For summary purposes, results are presented as weeks.	Up to 2 years (Phase 2 portion of study)
Number of Participants With 4-month Event Free Survival in Phase 2	Number of participants with event-free survival at four months post first dose of therapy. A participant is considered event-free if at month 4 they have not died or had a response assessment confirming a relapse.	4 months (Phase 2 portion of study)
Kaplan Meier Estimates of Overall Survival (OS) for Participants in Phase 2	Overall survival is defined as the time from date of first administration of study interventions until date of death, plus one day. For summary purposes, results are presented as weeks.	Up to 2 years (Phase 2 portion of study)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Genzyme, a Sanofi Company

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Hijiya N, Thomson B, Isakoff MS, Silverman LB, Steinherz PG, Borowitz MJ, Kadota R, Cooper T, Shen V, Dahl G, Thottassery JV, Jeha S, Maloney K, Paul JA, Barry E, Carroll WL, Gaynon PS. Phase 2 trial of clofarabine in combination with etoposide and cyclophosphamide in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2011 Dec 1;118(23):6043-9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374710. Epub 2011 Oct 3.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: March 1, 2006
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 1, 2010
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2010

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 18, 2006
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 18, 2006
• First Posted (Estimate): April 19, 2006

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): April 14, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 17, 2014
• Last Verified: March 1, 2014

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: AML; ALL; acute leukemia; clofarabine; clolar; CLO218
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Immune System Diseases; Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Lymphatic Diseases; Immunoproliferative Disorders; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Enzyme Inhibitors; Antirheumatic Agents; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Alkylating Agents; Myeloablative Agonists; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Topoisomerase Inhibitors; Cyclophosphamide; Etoposide; Clofarabine
• Other Study ID Numbers: CLO21800205