Comparing Three Different Combination Chemotherapy Regimens in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia

A Phase II Randomized Trial of Carboplatin and Topotecan; Flavopiridol, Mitoxantrone and Cytosine Arabinoside; and Sirolimus, Mitoxantrone, Etoposide and Cytosine Arabinoside for the Treatment of Adults With Primary Refractory or Initial Relapse of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

This randomized phase II trial is comparing three different combination chemotherapy regimens to see how well they work in treating patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Giving more than one drug (combination chemotherapy) may kill more cancer cells. It is not yet known which combination chemotherapy regimen is more effective in treating patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Recurrent Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia; Adult Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (M7); Adult Acute Minimally Differentiated Myeloid Leukemia (M0); Adult Acute Monoblastic Leukemia (M5a); Adult Acute Monocytic Leukemia (M5b); Adult Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia With Maturation (M2); Adult Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia Without Maturation (M1); Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia With 11q23 (MLL) Abnormalities; Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Inv(16)(p13;q22); Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia With t(16;16)(p13;q22); Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia With t(8;21)(q22;q22); Adult Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia (M4); Adult Erythroleukemia (M6a); Adult Pure Erythroid Leukemia (M6b)
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: topotecan hydrochloride; Drug: alvocidib; Drug: etoposide; Drug: cytarabine; Drug: carboplatin; Drug: mitoxantrone hydrochloride; Drug: sirolimus

Detailed Description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the complete remission (CR) + cytogenic complete remission (CRc) + morphologic complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi) rate of carboplatin and topotecan; flavopiridol, mitoxantrone and cytosine arabinoside and sirolimus, mitoxantrone, etoposide and cytosine arabinoside in adult patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

NOTE: Since the CRc patients are required to be either CR or CRi, we only report the rate of CR+CRi in the results section.

II. To determine the rate of treatment failure of these regimens. III. To determine the incidence and severity of toxicities of these regimens. IV. To analyze the predictive value of blast cell properties that have been suggested to determine response. (Correlative laboratory studies) V. To determine whether pretreatment levels of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) or, alternatively, whether a therapy-induced change in topoisomerase I levels correlates with response to this regimen. (Correlative laboratory studies) VI. To assess the impact of clonal evolution by comparing cytogenetic abnormalities at the time of relapse with those at initial diagnosis and correlating these abnormalities and changes with response to the treatment regimens in this protocol. (Cytogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH] studies) VII. Panel FISH studies for common AML rearrangements will be performed on relapse AML specimens to determine the presence of these recurrent AML abnormalities and to evaluate for subtle additional abnormalities consistent with clonal evolution in these relapse specimens. (Cytogenetic and FISH studies)

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 3 treatment arms.

INDUCTION THERAPY:

ARM A: Patients receive carboplatin and topotecan hydrochloride intravenously (IV) continuously over 24 hours on days 1-5.

ARM B: Patients receive alvocidib IV over 4.5 hours once daily (QD) on days 1-3, cytarabine IV continuously over 72 hours on days 6-8, and mitoxantrone hydrochloride IV over 1-2 hours on day 9.

ARM C: Patients receive sirolimus orally (PO) QD on days 2-9, mitoxantrone hydrochloride IV over 15 minutes QD, etoposide IV over 1 hour QD, and cytarabine IV over 3 hours QD on days 4-8 or 5-9. (Closed to accrual)

After completion of induction therapy, patients in all arms undergo bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Patients with persistent leukemia (i.e., leukemic blasts >= 10%) are removed from study and are offered alternative therapy at the discretion of the investigator. Patients who achieve CR proceed to consolidation therapy or receive alternative therapy at the discretion of the investigator.

CONSOLIDATION THERAPY: Beginning within 2-6 weeks after documentation of CR, patients may receive up to 2 additional courses of the same treatment they received during induction therapy. Courses repeat every 4-10 weeks in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study therapy, patients are followed periodically for up to 3 years.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 92
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Israel
  • Haifa, Israel, 31096
    • Rambam Medical Center
• United States
  • Alabama
    • Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294
      • University of Alabama at Birmingham
  • Arizona
    • Scottsdale, Arizona, United States, 85259
      • Mayo Clinic in Arizona
  • Florida
    • Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32224-9980
      • Mayo Clinic in Florida
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
      • Northwestern University
  • Iowa
    • Sioux City, Iowa, United States, 51101
      • Siouxland Hematology Oncology Associates
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21287
      • Johns Hopkins University/Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02111
      • Tufts Medical Center
  • Minnesota
    • Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905
      • Mayo Clinic
  • Ohio
    • Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45236
      • The Jewish Hospital
  • Pennsylvania
    • Danville, Pennsylvania, United States, 17822-2001
      • Geisinger Medical Center
    • Hazleton, Pennsylvania, United States, 18201
      • Geisinger Medical Center-Cancer Center Hazleton
    • Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, 17033-0850
      • Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center
    • Lewistown, Pennsylvania, United States, 17044
      • Lewistown Hospital
    • State College, Pennsylvania, United States, 16801
      • Geisinger Medical Group
    • State College, Pennsylvania, United States, 16803
      • Mount Nittany Medical Center
    • Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States, 18711
      • Geisinger Wyoming Valley
  • Tennessee
    • Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232
      • Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
  • Wisconsin
    • Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53792
      • University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics
    • Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226
      • Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria

Induction Therapy:

• Patients must have morphologic proof (from bone marrow aspirate, smears or touch preps of marrow biopsy) of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with >= 10% blasts within two weeks prior to induction randomization

  • NOTE: Patients must be registered to E3903 (Ancillary Laboratory Protocol for Collecting Diagnostic Material on Patients Considered for Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG]-American College of Radiology Imaging Network [ACRIN] Treatment Trials for Leukemia or Related Hematologic Disorders) and must undergo eligibility testing for the study by multiparameter flow cytometry
  • All immunodiagnoses are eligible for E1906, except acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) (proven by the presence of promyelocytic leukemia (PML)/retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha); cases of APL can become eligible if the patient is ineligible for an ECOG-ACRIN APL trial or if all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide is not planned as part of the treatment regimen

• Patients must qualify for one of the following:

  • Relapse =< 6 months after first CR, dated from documentation of CR to documentation of relapse
  • Relapse between 6-12 months after first CR
• Refractory to conventional initial induction chemotherapy (=< 2 courses) or to first reinduction (=< 1 course)
• Normal cardiac ejection fraction by pretreatment multi gated acquisition scan (MUGA) or echocardiogram within 4 weeks prior to randomization (resting ejection fraction >= 50% or >= 5% increase with exercise), shortening fraction by echocardiogram >= 24%, or to within the normal range of values for the institution

• Prior treatment to doses of any of the following:

  • < 300 mg/m^2 of doxorubicin
  • < 300 mg/m^2 of daunorubicin
  • < 100 mg/m^2 of idarubicin
  • < 100 mg/m^2 of mitoxantrone
• Serum creatinine =< 2.0 mg/dL
• Serum direct bilirubin < 2.0 mg/dL

• Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) < 4 x upper limit of normal

  • The above stipulation for normal hepatic function does not apply if liver dysfunction is due to leukemia infiltration

• Prior to study entry, patients must have recovered from toxicities of prior chemotherapy and radiotherapy; for patients refractory to induction chemotherapy (patient subgroup outlined above), marrow documentation of residual leukemia post chemotherapy and qualification for remaining eligibility criteria are needed prior to study entry (this does not require >= 30% marrow blasts to be evident but a minimum of 10% blasts must be present in the marrow)

  • NOTE: Hydroxyurea is permitted within 4 weeks of study entry
• ECOG performance status 0, 1 or 2
• Patients with a history of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia are eligible if there is documentation of no current CNS involvement on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, (i.e., negative CSF by lumbar puncture)

Consolidation therapy:

• Patients must have an ECOG performance status 0, 1 or 2
• Patients must have documented CR
• Patients must have an absence of infection or have infection controlled by antibiotics; patients who are septic will be excluded
• Patients must have a serum creatinine clearance > 50 cc/minute
• Patients must have a serum direct bilirubin < 2.0 mg/dl and alkaline phosphatase and SGOT (AST) < 4 x upper limits of normal
• Patients must have a normal cardiac ejection fraction by MUGA or echocardiogram prior to consolidation (resting ejection fraction >= 50% or >= 5% increase with exercise), shortening fraction by echocardiogram >= 24%, or to within normal range of values for the institution prior to the first and second cycle of consolidation for arms B and C

Exclusion Criteria

Induction therapy:

• Patients who have relapsed > 1 year after achieving first CR or are in >= second relapse
• Patients who have had a prior allogeneic OR autologous stem cell transplant
• History of recent myocardial infarction (within three months), uncontrolled congestive heart failure, or uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
• Prior treatment with carboplatin, topotecan, flavopiridol, or sirolimus
• Pregnant or breast feeding. Women of childbearing potential and sexually active males should use an accepted and effective method of contraception
• Intercurrent organ damage or medical problems that would prohibit therapy; no active or unresolved infection
• Current evidence of invasive fungal infection; such evidence includes positive blood or deep tissue cultures or stains
• Have another (i.e., prior) tumor which is currently active and likely to interfere with the patient's treatment for AML or which is likely to compromise the patient's morbidity or mortality substantially

Consolidation therapy:

• Intercurrent organ damage or medical problems that will jeopardize the outcome of therapy
• For arms B and C, patients have exceeded the following anthracycline doses or their equivalents:
• < 300 mg/m^2 of doxorubicin
• < 300 mg/m^2 of daunorubicin
• < 100 mg/m^2 of idarubicin
• < 100 mg/m^2 of mitoxantrone

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Arm A (carboplatin and topotecan hydrochloride); Patients receive carboplatin and topotecan hydrochloride IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-5.	Drug: topotecan hydrochloride; Given IV; Other Names: Hycamtin; SKF S-104864-A; hycamptamine; TOPO; Drug: carboplatin; Given IV; Other Names: Carboplat; CBDCA; JM-8; Paraplatin; Paraplat
Experimental: Arm B (alvocidib, mitoxantrone, cytarabine); Patients receive alvocidib IV over 4.5 hours QD on days 1-3, cytarabine IV continuously over 72 hours on days 6-8, and mitoxantrone hydrochloride IV over 1-2 hours on day 9.	Drug: alvocidib; Given IV; Other Names: FLAVO; flavopiridol; HMR 1275; L-868275; Drug: cytarabine; Given IV; Other Names: Cytosar-U; cytosine arabinoside; ARA-C; arabinofuranosylcytosine; arabinosylcytosine; Drug: mitoxantrone hydrochloride; Given IV; Other Names: CL 232315; DHAD; DHAQ
Experimental: Arm C (sirolimus, mitoxantrone, etoposide, cytarabine); Patients receive sirolimus PO QD on days 2-9, mitoxantrone hydrochloride IV over 15 minutes QD, etoposide IV over 1 hour QD, and cytarabine IV over 3 hours QD on days 4-8 or 5-9. (Closed to accrual)	Drug: etoposide; Given IV; Other Names: EPEG; VP-16; VP-16-213; Drug: cytarabine; Given IV; Other Names: Cytosar-U; cytosine arabinoside; ARA-C; arabinofuranosylcytosine; arabinosylcytosine; Drug: mitoxantrone hydrochloride; Given IV; Other Names: CL 232315; DHAD; DHAQ; Drug: sirolimus; Given PO; Other Names: Rapamune; AY 22989; rapamycin; SLM

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The Rate of Complete Remission (CR+CRi)	CR requires: 1. peripheral blood counts: neutrophil count ≥ 1.0 x 10^9/L, platelet count ≥ 100 x 10^9/L, reduced hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit has no bearing on remission status, and leukemic blasts must not be present in the peripheral blood. 2. bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: maturation of all cell lines must be present, ≤ 5% blasts, auer rods must not be detectable. 3. extramedullary leukemia, such as central nervous system (CNS) or soft tissue involvement, must not be present. CRi requires that all criteria for complete remission be satisfied except patients can have residual neutropenia (<1 x 10^9/L) or thrombocytopenia (<100 x 10^9/L).	Assessed every 3 months for the first 2 years and then every 6 months until relapse or death up to 3 years from registration.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The Rate of Treatment Failure	The definition of treatment failure will include: ≥ 5% leukemic blasts at the time of pre-consolidation marrow; Death during/following induction chemotherapy (pre-consolidation); Persisting marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia for ≥ 2 months after chemotherapy; CNS or extramedullary disease at the time of pre-consolidation; Leukemia persistence after completion of induction treatment. Leukemia persistence is defined as greater than 10% residual blasts on marrow biopsy done 5-7 days after completion of induction chemotherapy	Assessed every 3 months for the first 2 years and then every 6 months until relapse or death up to 3 years from registration.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Mark Litzow, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: October 1, 2008
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 1, 2014
• Study Completion (Actual): October 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 11, 2008
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 11, 2008
• First Posted (Estimate): March 12, 2008

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): July 7, 2015
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 2, 2015
• Last Verified: April 1, 2015

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML), Carboplatin, Topotecan, Flavopiridol, Mitoxantrone, Cytosine Arabinoside, Sirolimus, Etoposide
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Bone Marrow Diseases; Hematologic Diseases; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Antiviral Agents; Enzyme Inhibitors; Analgesics; Sensory System Agents; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Topoisomerase Inhibitors; Growth Substances; Growth Inhibitors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antifungal Agents; Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; Carboplatin; Etoposide; Etoposide phosphate; Cytarabine; Topotecan; Mitoxantrone; Sirolimus; Alvocidib
• Other Study ID Numbers: NCI-2009-00520 (Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program)); U10CA021115 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); E1906 (Other Identifier: ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group)