Comparative Study of Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Diazepam and Midazolam During Third Molar Surgery

Comparative Study of Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Diazepam and Midazolam During Third Molar Surgery. A Prospective Randomized Study

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare hemodynamic changes using 7.5 mg of midazolam and 10.0 mg of diazepam during the surgical removal of symmetrically positioned third molars.

Study design: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial was carried out involving 120 patients divided in three groups: Group 1 (diazepam and placebo), Group 2 (midazolam and placebo) and Group 3 (diazepam and midazolam). Each subject underwent two surgeries on separate occasions under local anesthesia.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Anxiety
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: 7.5 mg Midazolam; Drug: 10 mg diazepam

Detailed Description

Study design A double-blind, randomized, crossover, clinical trial with a split-mouth design was carried out. This study received approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the institution at which it was carried out (process number: 001.0.097.000-08) and was conducted in compliance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. All patients signed a statement of informed consent agreeing to participate in the study.

Sample size and pilot study The sample size was estimated using the a computational program. Thirty patients were submitted to third molar surgeries in a pilot study to determine the sample size. This step was necessary due to the lack of similar studies in the literature. Calculations were performed with specific programs taking into consideration the variables, a 95% confidence interval, 80% test power and 5% error. At the end of the study, 120 patients were analyzed (40 in each group), totaling 240 surgeries.

Sample selection One hundred twenty eight individuals between 18 and 40 years of age were selected for participation in the present study and submission to maxillary and mandibular third molar extractions bilaterally at the Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery. Each patient was to be submitted to two surgeries. The third molars (maxillary or mandibular) needed to have the same degree of impaction on both sides.

Three groups were formed: Group A received diazepam and placebo, Group B received midazolam and placebo and Group C received midazolam and diazepam. For the purposes of randomization and blinding of the surgeon and researcher in charge of analyzing the results, the groups were renominated Groups 1, 2 and 3. The randomization procedure was carried out by a researcher who was not directly involved in the surgeries or evaluations. Sequentially numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes were used, each containing a combination of substances and the side to be submitted to the first surgery. For each patient, the researcher opened an envelope, informed the main investigator and surgeon of the side to be operated, and administered the substance to the patient. The second surgery was performed on the contralateral side with the administration of the second substance. Blinding was performed to avoid awareness regarding what substance was administered in each surgery. For such, the pills were fabricated with the same outer color and a standardized size at the Pernambuco Pharmaceutical Laboratory (Brazil) and were packaged in recipients with the same color. The recipients were denominated 1, 2 and 3.

Surgical procedures and medications As the patients were classified as healthy, no prophylactic use of antibiotics was performed prior to surgery for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis, as recommended by the American Heart Association. All patients rinsed their mouths with 0.12% chlorhexidine for one minute prior to surgery to reduce the bacterial population in the oral cavity. Moreover, all patients were instructed to take two 4-mg pills of dexamethasone one hour prior to surgery. The use of a corticosteroid in the preoperative period minimizes the occurrence of postoperative swelling and reduces the risk of trismus.13 The substances (diazepam, midazolam and placebo) were administered orally 45 minutes prior to the surgical procedure. As the substances were masked, neither the surgeon nor the patient was aware of what substance was given (double-blind study).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 120
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Brazil
  • Pernambuco
    • Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, 54756220
      • School of Dentistry of Pernambuco

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 40 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• The inclusion criteria were classification in Group 1 of the American Society of Anesthesiology (normal healthy patient with no adverse systemic condition or continuous use of medication) and no self-reported reactions or allergies to the drugs employed in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• The exclusion criteria were refusal to participate after reading the statement of informed consent, self-reported allergy to the drugs employed and failure to return for the second surgery on the contralateral side

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: CROSSOVER
• Masking: TRIPLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR: midazolan; 7.5 mg midazolan 45 minutes before the surgery	Drug: 7.5 mg Midazolam; 7.5 mg midazolam 45 minutes before surgery
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR: diazepam; 10 mg diazepam 45 minutes before the surgery	Drug: 10 mg diazepam; 10 mg midazolam 45 minutes before surgery

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Changes from baseline in systolic blood pressure until the end of surgery		baseline, 2 minutes, 7 minutes, 12 minutes, end of surgery.
Changes from baseline in diastolic blood pressure until the end of surgery		Baseline, 2 minutes, 7 minutes, 12 minutes, end of surgery
Changes from baseline in mean blood pressure until the end of surgery		Baseline, 2 minutes, 7 minutes, 12 minutes, end of surgery
Changes from baseline in heart rate until the end of surgery		Baseline, 2 minutes, 7 minutes, 12 minutes, end of surgery
Changes from baseline in rate pressure product until the end of surgery	The rate pressure is the product of the multiplication of systolic blood pressure by heart rate	Baseline, 2 minutes, 7 minutes, 12 minutes, end of surgery
Changes from baseline in oxygen saturation until the end of surgery		Baseline, 2 minutes, 7 minutes, 12 minutes, end of surgery
Change from baseline in pressure rate quotient until the end of surgery	Pressure rate quotient is calculated by dividing mean blood pressure by heart rate	Baseline, 2 minutes, 7 minutes, 12 minutes, end of surgery

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Jimmy Barbalho
• Collaborators: University of Pernambuco
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Hécio H De Morais, PhD, University of Pernambuco

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• Related Info

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2011
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): July 1, 2012
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): September 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 21, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 26, 2014
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): June 30, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE): June 30, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 26, 2014
• Last Verified: June 1, 2014

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Benzodiazepines; hemodynamic; Third Molar; Anty-anxiety drugs
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Central Nervous System Depressants; Autonomic Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, General; Anesthetics; Antiemetics; Gastrointestinal Agents; Tranquilizing Agents; Psychotropic Drugs; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; GABA Modulators; GABA Agents; Anticonvulsants; Neuromuscular Agents; Muscle Relaxants, Central; Midazolam; Diazepam
• Other Study ID Numbers: 001.0.097.000-08 (OTHER: 001.0.097.000-08)