- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03583541
Kyaterekera Project: A Combination Intervention Addressing Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Vulnerable Women in Uganda
Guided by Social Cognitive and Asset theories as well as Behavioral Economics (BE) principles,the proposed RCT is carefully designed to test the additive contributions of savings-led microfinance beyond traditional HIV risk reduction (HIVRR) alone in decreasing biologically confirmed STIs, including HIV, improving high risk behavioral outcomes, while concurrently reducing income from sex work. Working within established health care- and outreach-based settings, we will randomly assign 990 FSWs to one of three study arms (11 town centers each): (1) a control arm comprising treatment as usual (TAU) for FSWs (quarterly 2-3 hour health education sessions, HIV testing services, and STI screening), bolstered with 4 evidence-based sessions of HIVRR provided by local providers (n=330 ); or (2) a treatment arm including TAU, 4 sessions of HIVRR, combined with receipt of a matched savings account (HIVRR+S) to be used on short-term and/or long term consumption and skills development per a participant's discretion/choice (n=330); or (3) a treatment arm including TAU, 4 sessions of HIVRR, combined with a matched savings account for short-term and/or long term consumption and skills development, plus 6 sessions of financial literacy with integrated BE principles (e.g., delay discounting, economic utility, information salience, and loss aversion), and 8 mentoring sessions for supportive transition to options for alternative income (HIVRR+S+FLM) (n=330).*
*Revision note: Following COVID-19, with approval from NIMH (on record if requested), the HIVRR+S+FLM treatment of the study has been combined with the HIVRR+S+FL treatment arm. The total sample size has been revised to 542 participants, with approval from NIMH. Moreover, biomarker data collection at 6 and 12 months were suspended due to COVID-19.
Study Overview
Status
Detailed Description
Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been identified as a high-risk group for the spread of HIV/AIDS, with those in poor areas and "HIV hotspots" being especially vulnerable. Research has shown that the primary reason poor women engage in commercial sex work is financial instability. Given these challenges, poor women require support over and above HIV prevention education. We propose to test the impact of adding economic empowerment (EE) components to traditional HIV risk reduction (HIVRR) to reduce new incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and of HIV among FSWs in Rakai and Masaka districts in Uganda. Guided by social-cognitive and asset theories, the study provides an avenue for FSWs to explore alternative means of safe and sustainable income to replace sex work. The study is informed by a previously tested microfinance (MF) intervention for FSWs in Mongolia, a pilot study conducted with FSWs in Masaka and Rakai, surveillance studies by RHSP, and EE interventions among AIDS-affected families in Uganda. Using a cluster-design we will randomly assign 990 FSWs from 33 matched town centers to one of three study arms (11 town centers in each condition): (1) A control arm comprising of treatment as usual (TAU) for FSWs in the study area bolstered with 4 evidence-based sessions of HIVRR provided by local providers (n=330); or (2) A treatment arm including TAU, 4 sessions of HIVRR, combined with receipt of a matched savings account (HIVRR+S+FL) to be used on short- and/or long-term consumption and skills development as per participants' own discretion plus 6 sessions of financial literacy (n=330); or (3) A treatment arm including TAU, 4 sessions of HIVRR, combined with a matched savings account to be used on short-term and/or long term consumption and skills development as per a participant's own discretion plus 6 sessions of financial literacy and 8 mentoring sessions for supportive transition to alternative income options (HIVRR+S+FLM) (n=330).* This RCT study's aims are to:
Aim1: Examine the impact of a financial savings-led MF intervention using HIVRR+S+FL and HIVRR+S+FLM on HIV biological and behavioral outcomes in FSWs (Primary outcomes: women's cumulative incidence of biologically confirmed STIs and reported number and proportion of unprotected sexual acts with regular and paying partners; Secondary outcomes: women's rate of new HIV cases, proportion of monthly income from sex and nonsex work, reported number and proportion on preventive behaviors, and for HIV+ women only, viral load as a marker of ART adherence).
Aim 2: Examine intervention mediation and effect modification to assess whether primary outcomes are mediated/moderated by participant characteristics; whether key theory-driven variables and Behavioral Economics measures mediate/moderate intervention outcomes.
Aim 3: Qualitatively and quantitatively examine implementation in each study condition; Aim 4: Assess the cost and cost-effectiveness of the HIVRR+S+FL and HIVRR+S+FLM intervention compared with traditional HIVRR in terms of cumulative number of STI and HIV cases averted over the 24-month period.
*Revision note: Following COVID-19, with approval from NIMH (on record if requested), the HIVRR+S+FLM treatment of the study has been combined with the HIVRR+S+FL treatment arm. The total sample size has been revised to 542 participants, with approval from NIMH. Moreover, biomarker data collection at 6 and 12 months were suspended due to COVID-19.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
-
-
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Masaka, Uganda
- International Center for Child Health and Development Field Office
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-
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- at least 18 years old
- report having engaged in vaginal or anal intercourse in the past 90 days in exchange for money, alcohol, or other goods
- report at least one episode of unprotected sexual intercourse in the past 90 days with either a paying, casual, or regular sexual partner.
Exclusion Criteria:
- have a cognitive or severe psychiatric impairment that would prevent comprehension of study procedures as assessed during Informed Consent process
- are unwilling or unable to commit to completing the study
- have previously been randomized.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Prevention
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: Double
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Control arm: Bolstered treatment
Women in the control condition (and in the treatment arms) will receive treatment as usual (TAU) for FSW in the study area.
Provided by RHSP, TAU includes: health education, HIV testing services, STI screening and treatment in a session that lasts about 2 hours, provided on a quarterly basis.
This will be bolstered with 4 sessions provided twice per week for 2 weeks of an evidence-based, HIV/STI risk reduction intervention
|
This is an intervention comprised of 4 sessions provided twice per week for 2 weeks of an evidence-based, HIV/STI risk reduction intervention.
|
Experimental: Treatment arm: HIVRR+S+FL
Women in this arm will receive TAU for FSW and the 4 HIVRR sessions (described above) and a single session following HIVRR specifically describing bank account opening, the matching process, and how to interact with banks.
In this session our partnering banks will open up matched savings accounts for women in the two treatment arms.
Women in both arms will save money in their matched savings accounts over a 10-month period post HIVRR.
The study team will monitor the accounts using the statements received directly from the banks holding the accounts.
Participants will receive monthly bank statements indicating their own savings and the associated match (1:1 match rate).
They will also receive 6 financial literacy (FL) sessions provided twice a week for 3 weeks
|
This is an intervention comprised of 4 sessions provided twice per week for 2 weeks of an evidence-based, HIV/STI risk reduction intervention.
This evidence-based Financial Education Core Curriculum addresses the importance of savings, banking services, budgeting debt management.
Undarga adaptation for FSWs included shortening and simplifying sessions while retaining core elements; adding weekly check-ins due to safety concerns FSWs share related to intervention participation, and safety planning as needed.
We will further adapt sessions in months 1-6 to assure language and illustrative examples are culturally consonant, and to infuse BE principles consistent with HIVRR.
During sessions 1 & 2 we will include information on delay discounting, for example, learning to understand the tendency to prefer small immediate rewards over larger available at a later time; sessions 3 & 4 will include details on economic utility; sessions 5 will contain information on salience (e.g.
understanding occasions when women may minimize triggers to unsafe sex); and session 6 will address loss aversion.
A matched savings individual development account (hereafter IDA) is a savings account held at a local bank whereby deposits made by the woman are matched by the intervention to encourage savings and investment in skills and asset development.
The accounts introduce women to financial management skills, introduce them to formal financial institutions, and by matching their deposits, incentivize women to save small amounts.
Each woman will receive an IDA held in her own name.
Women will be allowed and indeed encouraged to contribute up to 50,000 shillings (~15 USD) per month towards their IDAs.
The maximum amount of women's contribution to be matched will be an equivalent of US$15 per month for 10 months.
During the intervention, monthly account statements will be generated for women to note their accumulated savings.
During the intervention, women will have direct access to both their personal savings deposited in the accounts and the match provided by the study.
|
Experimental: Treatment arm: HIVRR+S+FLM
Women in this arm will receive TAU and the 4 HIVRR sessions (as above). Next, they will receive the savings session (described above) and 6 financial literacy (FL) sessions provided twice a week for 3 weeks, followed by 8 mentorship (M) sessions supporting transition to vocational, educational training, employment or business development, and receipt of a matched savings account to be used on short-term and/or long term consumption and skills development per participants own discretion/choice. *Revision note: Following COVID-19, with approval from NIMH (on record if requested), the HIVRR+S+FLM treatment of the study has been combined with the HIVRR+S+FL treatment arm. The total sample size has been revised to 532 participants, with approval from NIMH. |
This is an intervention comprised of 4 sessions provided twice per week for 2 weeks of an evidence-based, HIV/STI risk reduction intervention.
This evidence-based Financial Education Core Curriculum addresses the importance of savings, banking services, budgeting debt management.
Undarga adaptation for FSWs included shortening and simplifying sessions while retaining core elements; adding weekly check-ins due to safety concerns FSWs share related to intervention participation, and safety planning as needed.
We will further adapt sessions in months 1-6 to assure language and illustrative examples are culturally consonant, and to infuse BE principles consistent with HIVRR.
During sessions 1 & 2 we will include information on delay discounting, for example, learning to understand the tendency to prefer small immediate rewards over larger available at a later time; sessions 3 & 4 will include details on economic utility; sessions 5 will contain information on salience (e.g.
understanding occasions when women may minimize triggers to unsafe sex); and session 6 will address loss aversion.
A matched savings individual development account (hereafter IDA) is a savings account held at a local bank whereby deposits made by the woman are matched by the intervention to encourage savings and investment in skills and asset development.
The accounts introduce women to financial management skills, introduce them to formal financial institutions, and by matching their deposits, incentivize women to save small amounts.
Each woman will receive an IDA held in her own name.
Women will be allowed and indeed encouraged to contribute up to 50,000 shillings (~15 USD) per month towards their IDAs.
The maximum amount of women's contribution to be matched will be an equivalent of US$15 per month for 10 months.
During the intervention, monthly account statements will be generated for women to note their accumulated savings.
During the intervention, women will have direct access to both their personal savings deposited in the accounts and the match provided by the study.
Mentorship.
Mentorship to bridge the transition from FL and savings to a vocational change is a critical component of this intervention.
These sessions are intended to support the transition -equipped with financial literacy and savings -to vocational, educational, employment or small business development training using matched savings.
The mentorship sessions are adapted from the pilot study and integrate components (e.g., referral and linkage, coaching, exchange visits to model farmers) from income-generating activities provided by our collaborating partner, RTY.
All sessions include check-in and individual attention.
The first 4 sessions focus on identifying options for vocational, educational, employment or business development training.
The second 4 sessions include invited experts in identified areas of interest by group members for more intensive time and attention to individualized needs to make the transition.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
STI incidence
Time Frame: baseline, 6, and 18 months post-intervention initiation
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Change in STI incidence as measured by laboratory assays
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baseline, 6, and 18 months post-intervention initiation
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Sexual risk taking_unprotected sexual acts
Time Frame: baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-intervention initiation
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percentage of unprotected sexual acts by partner type
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baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-intervention initiation
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Sexual risk taking_protective practices
Time Frame: baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-intervention initiation
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percentage of protective practices (e.g.
PrEP uptake, ART adherence, condom use)
|
baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-intervention initiation
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STI testing and treatment
Time Frame: 24 months post-intervention initiation
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rates of STI testing and treatment as measured by chart review
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24 months post-intervention initiation
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Proportion of income from sex work, non-sex work, savings, debt
Time Frame: baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-intervention initiation
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Proportion of income from sex work, non-sex work, savings, debt as measured by economic indicators questionnaire
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baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-intervention initiation
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Intervention cost
Time Frame: through study completion, approximately 4 years
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Cost of staff time, supplies, overhead for HIVRR and for SMF as measured by admin review and project records
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through study completion, approximately 4 years
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HIV incidence
Time Frame: baseline, 6, and 18 months post-intervention initiation
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Change in STI incidence as measured by laboratory assays
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baseline, 6, and 18 months post-intervention initiation
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Collaborators and Investigators
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Fred M Ssewamala, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine
- Principal Investigator: Susan Witte, PhD, Columbia University
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Witte SS, Filippone P, Ssewamala FM, Nabunya P, Bahar OS, Mayo-Wilson LJ, Namuwonge F, Damulira C, Tozan Y, Kiyingi J, Nabayinda J, Mwebembezi A, Kagaayi J, McKay M. PrEP acceptability and initiation among women engaged in sex work in Uganda: Implications for HIV prevention. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Jan 28;44:101278. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101278. eCollection 2022 Feb.
- Nabunya P, Kiyingi J, Witte SS, Sensoy Bahar O, Jennings Mayo-Wilson L, Tozan Y, Nabayinda J, Mwebembezi A, Tumwesige W, Mukasa B, Namirembe R, Kagaayi J, Nakigudde J, McKay MM, Ssewamala FM. Working with economically vulnerable women engaged in sex work: Collaborating with community stakeholders in Southern Uganda. Glob Public Health. 2022 Jul;17(7):1215-1231. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1916054. Epub 2021 Apr 21.
- Ssewamala FM, Sensoy Bahar O, Tozan Y, Nabunya P, Mayo-Wilson LJ, Kiyingi J, Kagaayi J, Bellamy S, McKay MM, Witte SS. A combination intervention addressing sexual risk-taking behaviors among vulnerable women in Uganda: study protocol for a cluster randomized clinical trial. BMC Womens Health. 2019 Aug 17;19(1):111. doi: 10.1186/s12905-019-0807-1.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Estimated)
Study Completion (Estimated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Other Study ID Numbers
- R01MH116768 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Plan Description
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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