Effects of a Brief Mindful Parenting Program for Hong Kong Chinese Impacted by Social Unrest (MPHKC)

Effects of a Brief Mindful Parenting Program for Hong Kong Chinese Impacted by Social Unrest: A Randomised Trial

A four session mindful parenting workshop is designed to promote parental mental health during the social unrest in 2020. This study is conducted to investigate the outcome of the program. It is a randomised control trial design and will be conducted in five sites in Hong Kong. An estimated 340 parents will be recruited and randomised into an intervention group and a wait-list control group. The primary outcome is parental depression. Secondary outcomes include parental anxiety and post-traumatic stress, negative emotions, family functioning, family conflict and mindful parenting. Exposure to social unrest will be measured and the relationship to mental health and effects of the program will be examined.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Mental Health Issue
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Brief mindful parenting program

Detailed Description

Design: With a self-administered screening for depression (PHQ-9), parents with a subclinical cutoff score or above will be eligible to participate in a four-session parent workshop. The same program will be provided in five locations in Hong Kong. A waitlist-control randomised controlled trial will be used to evaluate the outcomes of the program. An estimated 340 parents will be recruited and randomised into an intervention group and a wait-list control group. The sample estimation is based on an expected effect size of .33 for family functioning in the PI's pilot study, with an estimated drop-out rate of 15%, a two-tailed α error of 5%, 80% power, and a test of two independent groups.

Measures: (1) Exposure to social unrest will be measured using the Political Life Events Scale. The scale contains 20 items related to stressful events, to which respondents report exposure by answering yes or no. In view of the local context, only 16 items will be used. (2) Negative emotions about social unrest will be measured by the three items developed by Halperin et al. The items assess the intensity of negative emotions (hatred, anger, despair) in the context of social unrest, with responses given on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 10 (very strong). (3) Depression and anxiety symptoms will be assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale. (4) Traumatic stress will be assessed by the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), a 6-item self-report measure of the major symptoms of post-traumatic stress. The ITQ has been translated into Chinese and validated for screening of post-traumatic stress. (5) Family functioning will be assessed by the Family APGAR (Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve) scale (APGAR). The 5-item scales uses a 3-point response scale (0 = hardly ever and 2 = almost always). A cutoff for severe family dysfunction is available for Chinese families. (6) Family conflict will be measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2), a self-report measure of behavioural assault or psychological aggression among family members. It has been used in studies of conflict between adolescents and parents.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 100
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Hong Kong
  • Hong Kong, Hong Kong
    • LO, Herman Hay-ming

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• parents of adolescents at aged between 10 to 21
• a score of PHQ-9 of 2 or above

Exclusion Criteria:

• parents with self-reported psychosis, alcohol or substance abuse, individual or family crisis in last six months

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Brief mindful parenting program; The program will consist of a four-session and last for eight hours integrating mindfulness skills and psychoeducation in managing stress under social unrest and promoting strategies for emotion regulation, conflict management, and self-care.	Behavioral: Brief mindful parenting program; Mindfulness exercise include formal and informal mindfulness exercises, and additional exercise for coping with anger and arousing emotions. Psychoeducation includes understanding relationship between thoughts and feelings, fight or flight responses and adaptive coping in parenting relationship.
Other: Wait-list control group; A four-minute educational video will be distributed to the participants who accept the randomisation. It includes brief information on mental health. After the participants from experimental group complete the intervention, those in wait-list control group will receive the same intervention.	Behavioral: Brief mindful parenting program; Mindfulness exercise include formal and informal mindfulness exercises, and additional exercise for coping with anger and arousing emotions. Psychoeducation includes understanding relationship between thoughts and feelings, fight or flight responses and adaptive coping in parenting relationship.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Depression	Self-administered measure Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), 9 items, sum of scores range from 0 to 27, the higher the score, the more severe in depressive symptoms	Change from pre-intervention (T0), to 1-month follow up (T1), and to 3-month follow-up (T2).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Anxiety	Self-administered measure Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), 7 items, sum of scores from 0 to 21, the higher the score, the more severe in the anxiety symptoms	Change from pre-intervention (T0), to 1-month follow up (T1), and to 3-month follow-up (T2).
Post-traumatic stress	self-administered measure International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), 6 items, sum of scores range from 0 to 24, the higher the score, the more severe the post-traumatic stress symptoms	Change from pre-intervention (T0), to 1-month follow up (T1), and to 3-month follow-up (T2).
family functioning	self-administered measure Family APGAR (Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve) scale (APGAR), 5 items, sum of the scores range from 0 to 10, the higher the score, the better in family functioning	Change from pre-intervention (T0), to 1-month follow up (T1), and to 3-month follow-up (T2).
family conflict	self-administered measure Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2), 16 items, sum of scores range from 0 to 112, the higher the score, the more stronger intensity the family conflict is	Change from pre-intervention (T0), to 1-month follow up (T1), and to 3-month follow-up (T2).
mindful parenting	self administered measure, Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale, 6 items in nonjudgmental acceptance in parenting and 4 items in listening with full attention, sum of scores range from 6 to 30 for nonjudgmental acceptance in parenting, and 6 to 20 for listening with full attention, the higher the score, the stronger the interpersonal mindfulness level is	Change from pre-intervention (T0), to 1-month follow up (T1), and to 3-month follow-up (T2).

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Herman, Hay-ming LO, PhD, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Lo HHM, Lau ENS, Tam CHL, Ngai SW, Chan SHW, Leung BFH, Wong ET, Wong EWY, Wong GOC, Cho WC, Tsang AWK, Singh NN. Effects of a Mindful Parenting Workshop for Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults Following Social Unrest in Hong Kong. Mindfulness (N Y). 2022;13(1):248-261. doi: 10.1007/s12671-021-01790-7. Epub 2021 Dec 2.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 15, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 30, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): September 30, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 5, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 9, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): June 11, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 13, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 12, 2021
• Last Verified: June 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: mindfulness-based intervention; parent depression; parent mental health
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Stomatognathic Diseases; Tooth Diseases; Tooth, Impacted
• Other Study ID Numbers: SR2020.A6.004

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: The protocol will be published in an open access academic journal.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No