Selah Trial of Stress Interventions for Clergy: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Daily Examen, and Stress Inoculation

Acceptability, Feasibility, and Outcomes Testing to Reduce Stress Symptoms Among Clergy

Certain populations may be particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of chronic stress, particularly chronic work-related stress. One such population is that of clergy doing ministry work. Clergy who are interested in stress reduction will choose one of three interventions: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, the Daily Examen, or a set of stress inoculation and breathing exercises called Stress Proofing. The study investigators will examine changes in heart rate variability and self-reported stress symptoms over time among clergy who have participated in one of the three interventions, compared to clergy who have not yet received one of the interventions. The aim of this study is to determine trends in stress outcomes for each of the three interventions. The investigators hypothesize that participation in each intervention will be associated with an improvement in stress outcomes compared to those who have not yet received an intervention.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Occupational Stress
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction; Behavioral: Daily Examen spiritual practice; Behavioral: Stress inoculation combination

Detailed Description

Certain populations may be particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of chronic stress, particularly chronic work-related stress. One such population is that of clergy doing ministry work. Clergy exhibit high prevalence rates of chronic disease, including diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and joint-related disease, as well as obesity. Further, studies also indicate above-average rates of depression. While no studies directly compare rates of clinical anxiety among clergy versus non-clergy, anxiety rates among clergy are elevated. The high prevalence of physical and mental health issues among clergy may be due in part to stressors from the unique nature of clergy work.

A prominent theory of stress is the job-demand-control-support (JDCS) model, which indicates that stressful jobs are those characterized by high demand, low control, and low support. Clergy perform many demanding roles, including inspiring the congregation, providing one-on-one care for congregants, performing sacraments, educating congregants, overseeing educational programming, and leading social justice activities. The work week typically averages 50 hours or more with the expectation of being on call around-the-clock and the range of skills needed is broad. While certain tasks such as preaching are predictable, clergy have no control over the timing of funerals and congregant crises, and only a variable degree of control over congregant perception of the direction the clergy are taking the congregation. Congregants who are committed to the congregation have strong and often conflicting opinions. In terms of support, clergy experience work-related support to varying degrees; they direct essentially a volunteer workforce and, with the wide range of tasks conducted, they often do not receive the support needed to match the tasks or the emotional challenges faced.

Researchers have developed numerous approaches to manage stress, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and relaxation. Not all stress-management interventions are equally effective. Rather, stress-reducing activities are viewed as skills that require regular practice. As such, the most effective interventions are those that individuals are willing and motivated to practice (i.e., patient-preference is an important aspect of evidence-based practice). The current study builds on a pilot study that the investigators conducted with clergy to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of four potentially stress-reducing interventions while taking participant preference into account. Three of those stress-reducing interventions showed trends of self-reported stress reduction in terms of reduced stress symptoms and/or reactivity to stress. In the current study, the investigators test those three interventions: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, the Daily Examen, and a set of stress inoculation and breathing exercises called Stress Proofing.

The study design is a waitlist preferences design. As such, participants choose which of the three interventions they prefer, taking into account the intervention content, format, and scheduling dates. The intervention groups will consist of clergy who sign up for the intervention during the initial recruitment phase and are randomly assigned to start before November 2020. (A secondary per-protocol analysis will include in the intervention groups any clergy who sign up for the intervention after the initial recruitment phase.) The control group will consist of clergy who sign up for the intervention during the initial recruitment phase and are randomly assigned to an intervention start time of November 2020 or later. In addition to random assignment to immediate-start versus delayed-start (waitlist), participants who indicate equal preference for two or more interventions will be randomly assigned to one of their preferred interventions. The investigators' study design allows for testing stress outcomes between those participants who preferred that intervention and those who were waiting for intervention. The design will not allow for comparing outcomes between interventions.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 390
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • North Carolina
    • Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27708
      • Duke University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Having a current appointment in July 2019 of the North Carolina (NC) Annual Conference or the Western NC Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church (UMC).

Exclusion Criteria:

• None

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: SINGLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
NO_INTERVENTION: Waitlist control; In this waitlist control condition, participants will not receive any programming intervention. They will know that they have access to stress reduction programming after a certain date. They will also provide survey data at 3 time points and heart rate variability data at 2 time points while waiting. The survey questions will include a wide variety of stress items.
EXPERIMENTAL: One of three stress reduction interventions; There are three stress reduction interventions: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Daily Examen, and stress inoculation.	Behavioral: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction; Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) teaches several different kinds of meditation. MBSR is offered as an online course through Duke Integrative Medicine and is based on the national model first developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts. It includes exercises in awareness of breath, body scans, walking meditation, "choiceless" open awareness, Loving Kindness Meditation, and bringing awareness to the present moment. The MBSR Distance Learning course consists of 8 weekly sessions via video conference and includes meditation instruction, periods of guided practice, and group discussion.; Behavioral: Daily Examen spiritual practice; The Daily Examen is a simple but powerful prayer used by Jesuits every day. It takes only 10-15 minutes and can be used to reflect on positive emotions, move past negative emotions, and align one's work with God's work. The Examen directs the person praying to focus on a five-step routine: Become aware of God's presence;; Give thanks to God for everything in your life;; Review the events of the day guided by the Holy Spirit;; Look at what went well or wrong in the past day; if at fault, ask God for forgiveness; and; Look toward tomorrow - what one thing should you do? Listen to what God is telling you.; Behavioral: Stress inoculation combination; This intervention includes a combination of stress inoculation and general stress reduction activities focused on physiology, with exercises that bypass the brain and work directly on the body to mitigate the symptoms of stress. This system is based on Stress Inoculation Training, which uses breathing to prepare people in advance for stressful episodes and recovery skills for following such episodes. The techniques include a variety of breathing, blood flow, and tension control methods, as well as ways to conduct deep tissue massage on oneself to release muscle tension. The awareness aspect involves understanding stress biology and learning to spot the symptoms of stress in oneself and others.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in self-reported stress symptoms	We are using a modified version of the Calgary Symptoms of Stress Inventory and will use continuous mean scores of the overall measure (i.e., all subscales combined). The minimum will be 0 and the maximum 4, with higher scores indicating higher symptoms.	12 weeks
Change in Heart Rate Variability	We will collect 48-hour ambulatory heart rate variability (HRV) data using EKG devices.	12 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in anxiety symptoms	We will use continuous scores (min=0, max=21; higher scores=higher anxiety symptoms) of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 measure.	12 weeks

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in perceived stress symptoms	We are using a modified version of the Calgary Symptoms of Stress Inventory and will use continuous mean scores of the overall measure (i.e., all subscales combined). The minimum will be 0 and the maximum 4, with higher scores indicating higher symptoms.	24 weeks
Change in anxiety symptoms	We will use continuous scores (min=0, max=21; higher scores=higher anxiety symptoms) of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 measure.	24 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Duke University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell, PhD, Duke University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Tice LC, Eagle DE, Rash JA, Larkins JS, Labrecque SM, Platt A, Yao J, Proeschold-Bell RJ. The Selah study protocol of three interventions to manage stress among clergy: a preference-based randomized waitlist control trial. Trials. 2021 Dec 9;22(1):892. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05845-x.

Helpful Links

• Study description and recruitment website

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): January 6, 2020
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): August 5, 2021
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): October 7, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 6, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 6, 2020
• First Posted (ACTUAL): November 12, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): March 22, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 8, 2022
• Last Verified: March 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Mindfulness; Life Stress; Job Stress; Work-related Stress; Spiritual
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Stress, Psychological; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Stress
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2019-0238

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No