Ultrasound Application on the Suprascapular Nerve for Stroke Patients

Introduction:

Shoulder pain arises to be one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints, and with the high prevalence in stroke patients. The mechanism of an increased risk of painful shoulders is multifactorial and the role of the suprascapular nerve in development and management of shoulder pain has been highlighted recently. In recent years, high resolution ultrasound has been widely applied on evaluation of entrapment neuropathy, and its reliability on assessing the cross-sectional area of supraspcapular nerves has been validated. As the suprascapular nerve is crucial for conducting shoulder motion and sensation, it is of clinical importance to measure the size of suprascapular nerve. Our study aims to explore the ultrasound morphology of the suprascapular nerves as well as subacromial dynamic imaging in patients with stroke and to investigate the nerve's size after ultrasound-guided injection.

Material and methods:

Participants: Adult stroke patients (≥ 20 year old).

Control: Asymptomatic adult subjects (≥20 year old)

Exclusion criteria:

The exclusion criteria included history of malignancy, uncontrolled medical conditions (like systemic rheumatic disease, including rheumatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis), previous major trauma or surgeries, suprascapular nerve block on either side of the shoulders within the three months, and the patients with specific aphasia and poor cognition.

Study design:

This was a longitudinal follow-up study investigating the suprascapular nerves, the dynamic subacromial examination of shoulder, and the nerve's size after ultrasound-guided injection in patients with stroke. All the participants were required to ambulate independently, have normal cognitive function and complete the given questionnaires. The study included at least 60 participants.

Detail of the investigation

1. High-resolution ultrasound evaluation of the shoulder region was applied to recognize the biceps tendon, subscapularis tendon, supraspinatus tendon, and infraspinatus tendon.
2. High-resolution ultrasound evaluation was applied for the C5, C6 and C7 nerve roots and the suprascapular nerve over the supraclavicular fossa, in the supraspinatus fossa and in the infraspinatus fossa to obtain the nerve cross-sectional image.
3. High-resolution ultrasound evaluation was applied for the dynamic examination of the shoulder to recognize the impingement of the shoulder.
4. The investigators collected the shoulder pain-related information, including physical examination results (bicipital groove tenderness, Speed test, Yergason's test, Empty can test, Neer test, Hawkins-Kennedy test and painful arc test) and status of disability using Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).
5. The investigators collected the information of the types of the stroke, onset times, and functional status, including Bathel index and Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Assessment.

Outcome measurement:

Primary outcome:

1. The measurements of the nerve cross-sectional area were conducted by another specialist with the image processing software (Image J). For the most proximal section of the suprascapular nerve, the cross-section of the nerve fascicles inside the hyperechoic epineurium were measured. In the segment over the supraspinatus and infraspinatus fossae, the whole nerve's cross-section including its epineurium were measured. The data collection was performed at the initial recruitment and one month later after the injection.
2. The Chinese version of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) tool. The data collection was performed at the initial recruitment and one month later after the injection.
3. Visual analogue scale. The data collection was performed at the initial recruitment and one month later after the injection.
4. The range of the motion and impingement of the shoulder under dynamic subacromial examination. The data collection was performed at the initial recruitment and one month later after the injection.

Statistical analysis:

1. Continuous variables: Mann Whitney u test
2. Categorical variables: Chi-square test