Supporting the Transition to and Engagement in Parenthood (STEP)

Ingen inngripen: Vanlige prenatale omsorger

Deltakere i sammenligningsgruppen vil motta vanlige svangerskapsomsorg (f.eks. prenatale klasser)

Eksperimentell: STEP

Participants will participate, online or in-person, to the 8-9 sessions of the program addressing the psychological experience of pregnancy and supporting reflective capacities in relation to trauma and motherhood.

Atferdsmessig: STEP

The program is offered by two facilitators to groups of three to seven women, in-person or online. The program is divided in three phases entitles "Becoming a mother"; "A look at my own history" and "Looking ahead". The first phase aims to explore and normalize the emotions experienced by the participants in the course of their pregnancy and to support the use of healthy emotion regulation strategies. The second phase aims to support mentalization of trauma, by discussing the nature of trauma and its impact; by validating participants' feelings as understandable responses to trauma; by supporting a reflection on positive and harsh experiences with significant others and the ways both types of experiences influenced participants' mental states; and identifying how participants coped with trauma. In the last phase, discussions focus on participants' needs and strengths, on available resources to support resilience and envision positive and challenging moments with the child.

Oppfatning av endring i funksjonsdomener under graviditet

Vi utviklet et instrument som vurderer ens oppfatning av endring (negativ endring til positiv endring) på tvers av flere funksjonsdomener, inkludert kvaliteten på forholdet til partneren; kvaliteten på forholdet til betydelige andre, selvtillit; følelsesgjenkjenning, regulering og uttrykk; sosial støtte og foreldrenes tillit. Disse domenene vil bli vurdert separat.

Nivå av tilfredshet med intervensjonen

Deltakerne inviteres til å fylle ut et selvrapporteringsskjema som vurderer deres tilfredshet etter hver økt og på slutten av programmet, ved hjelp av en Likert-skala. Et semistrukturert intervju blir også administrert på slutten av programmet som vil gi kvalitativ informasjon om deres verdsettelse av programmet.

Change in psychological distress from baseline (2nd trimester of pregnancy) to the end of the third trimester of pregnancy (around 36 weeks) and from baseline to 6-months postpartum

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire (Kessler Distress Scale) assessing psychological distress. Change between baseline and end of pregnancy will be assessed, as well as between baseline and 6-month postpartum,

Prenatal reflective functioning

Participants will complete the Pregnancy Interview at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy. The interview will be subsequently coded for prenatal reflective functioning. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Parental reflective functioning

Participants will complete the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire at 6 months postpartum. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Change in trauma-specific reflective functioning

The Failure to mentalize trauma questionnaire (FMTQ) will be administered at baseline, at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and at 6-months postpartum. Change between time-points will be assessed.

Change in trauma-specific reflective functioning

Participants will participate to the Trauma Meaning Making Interview (TMMI) at 6-months postnatal. The interview will be subsequently coded for trauma-specific reflective functioning. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Endring i oppfatning av foreldres kompetanse

Deltakerne inviteres til å fylle ut et selvrapporterende spørreskjema om mors tillit (Maternal confidence questionnaire). Endring mellom baseline og slutten av svangerskapet vil bli vurdert.

Change in post-traumatic stress symptoms from baseline (2nd trimester of pregnancy) to the end of the third trimester of pregnancy (around 36 weeks) and from baseline to 6-months postpartum

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of PTSD symptoms (Post-traumatic checklist for DSM-5). Change between baseline and the end of pregnancy will be assessed as well as between baseline and 6-months postpartum

Change in anger from baseline (2nd trimester of pregnancy) to the end of the third trimester of pregnancy (around 36 weeks) and from baseline to 6-months postpartum

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of anger states (STAXI). Change between baseline and the end of pregnancy will be assessed as well as between baseline and 6-months postpartum

Change in antenatal attachment

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of antenatal attachment (Maternal antenatal attachment scale). Change between baseline and the end of pregnancy will be assessed.

Self-compassion

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of self-compassion at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Connection to care

Participants will be referred to community agencies for resources based on need during their participation to STEP. Their utilization of other resources will be assessed using self-reported questionnaires at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum

Change in emotion regulation strategies

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of emotion regulation strategies (CERQ). Change between baseline and the end of pregnancy, as well as between baseline and 6 months postpartum will be assessed.

Post-traumatic growth

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of post-traumatic growth at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Parental stress

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of parental stress at 6-months postpartum. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Maternal bonding

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of maternal bonding at 6-months postpartum. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Maternal competence

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of maternal sense of competence at 6-months postpartum. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention.

Depression

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of post-partum depression at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and at 6-months postpartum. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention separately for each time point.

Maternal behaviors

Mother-infant interactions will be realized and videotaped for subsequent coding of maternal behaviors around 12-months postpartum. Scores in participants to the intervention will be compared to scores of matched controls who did not participate to the intervention

Change in affective states from baseline (2nd trimester of pregnancy) to the end of the third trimester of pregnancy (around 36 weeks) and from baseline to 6-months postpartum

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) assessing positive and negative affects. Change between baseline and end of pregnancy will be assessed as well as between baseline and 6-month postpartum,

Infant general development

The ASQ-3 will be administered at 6-months postnatal to assess infant development.

Infant socio-emotional development

The ASQ-SE will be administered at 6-months postnatal to assess infant socio-emotional development.

Infant temperament

The IBQ will be administered at 6-months postnatal to assess infant temperament

Change in Inflammation

Inflammation will be assessed using blood samples at baseline, at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and around 6 months postpartum. Change between baseline and the end of pregnancy, as well as between baseline and 6 months postpartum will be assessed.

Change in cortisol

Systemic cortisol will be assessed using blood samples at baseline, at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and around 6 months postpartum. Change between baseline and the end of pregnancy, as well as between baseline and 6 months postpartum will be assessed.

Personality dysfunctions

Personality dysfunctions are assessed at baseline and will be considered as a moderator of the intervention effectiveness. Personality dysfunctions will be measured using the Self and Interpersonal Functioning Rating Scale, a 24-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess the four core elements of personality pathology (Identity, Self-direction, Empathy, and Intimacy) from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Level of Personality Functioning for personality disorders

Change in intimate partner violence

Participants are invited to complete a self-report questionnaire of intimate partner violence. Change between baseline and 6 months postpartum will be assessed.